The goal is to enhance an automated sleep staging system's performance by leveraging the diverse signals captured through multi-modal polysomnography recordings. Three modalities of PSG signals, ...namely electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG), were considered to obtain the optimal fusions of the PSG signals, where 63 features were extracted. These include frequency-based, time-based, statistical-based, entropy-based, and non-linear-based features. We adopted the ReliefF (ReF) feature selection algorithms to find the suitable parts for each signal and superposition of PSG signals. Twelve top features were selected while correlated with the extracted feature sets' sleep stages. The selected features were fed into the AdaBoost with Random Forest (ADB + RF) classifier to validate the chosen segments and classify the sleep stages. This study's experiments were investigated by obtaining two testing schemes: epoch-wise testing and subject-wise testing. The suggested research was conducted using three publicly available datasets: ISRUC-Sleep subgroup1 (ISRUC-SG1), sleep-EDF(S-EDF), Physio bank CAP sleep database (PB-CAPSDB), and S-EDF-78 respectively. This work demonstrated that the proposed fusion strategy overestimates the common individual usage of PSG signals.
Recently, new advancements in technologies have promoted the classification of brain tumors at the early stages to reduce mortality and disease severity. Hence, there is a need for an automatic ...classification model to automatically segment and classify the tumor regions, which supports researchers and medical practitioners without the need for any expert knowledge. Thus, this research proposes a novel framework called the scatter sharp optimization-based correlation-driven deep CNN model (SSO-CCNN) for classifying brain tumors. The implication of this research is based on the growth of the optimized correlation-enabled deep model, which classifies the tumors using the optimized segments acquired through the developed sampled progressively growing generative adversarial networks (sampled PGGANs). The hyperparameter training is initiated through the designed SSO optimization that is developed by combining the features of the global and local searching phase of flower pollination optimization as well as the adaptive automatic solution convergence of sunflower optimization for precise consequences. The recorded accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the SSO-CCNN classification scheme are 97.41%, 97.89%, and 96.93%, respectively, using the brain tumor dataset. In addition, the execution latency was found to be 1.6 s. Thus, the proposed framework can be beneficial to medical experts in tracking and assessing symptoms of brain tumors reliably.
The cause of blindness that primarily affects middle-aged adults is diabetic retinopathy (DR), due to excessive blood sugar levels. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is capable to collect Diabetic ...Retinopathy-related information remotely using CAD (Computer-aided diagnostic) systems and provide patients with convincing information. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to identify and categorize the severity of DR fundus images to prevent a diabetic sufferer from going blind. Thus, this paper developed a unique Diabetic Retinopathy Segmentation (DRS) system by fusing the Deep Learning model with optimization techniques. The preprocessing phase of this system is considered to remove noise from the edges. Next, the usable region from the images is extracted using the increasing region segmentation through K-mean clustering. The characteristics of the Area of Interest (AOI) are then extracted and classified into four severity levels using the suggested Hybrid Genetic and Ant Colony Optimization (HGACO) algorithm with the help of a pertained CNN model, Residual Neural Network (RESnet). Additionally, the test of statistical significance evaluates the DRS system’s Segmentation accuracy. The suggested Diabetic Retinopathy System achieves improved categorization outcomes, with sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity numbers.
The erstwhile developed temperature-humidity index (THI) has been popularly used to indicate heat stress in dairy cattle and often in buffaloes. However, scientific literature suggests differences in ...thermotolerance and physiological responses to heat stress between cattle and buffalo. Therefore, THI range used to indicate degree of heat stress (mild, moderate, and severe) in cattle should be recalibrated for indicating heat stress in buffaloes. The present study was carried out to delineate THI range to indicate onset and severity of heat stress in buffaloes based on physiological, biochemical, and expression profiling of heat shock response (HSR) genes in animals at different THI. The result indicated early onset of heat stress in buffaloes as compared to cattle. Physiological and biochemical parameters indicated onset of mild signs of heat stress in buffaloes at THI 68-69. Significant deviation in these parameters was again observed at THI range 73-76. At THI 77-80, the physiological and biochemical responses of animals were further intensified indicating extreme alteration in homeostas22is. The in vivo expression profiling of HSR genes indicated that members of Hsp70 gene family are expressed in a temporal pattern over different THIs, whereas expressions of Hsf genes were evident during intense heat stress. Overall, the study established that amplitude of heat shock response and THI range for indicating severity of thermal stress for buffaloes are not in unison to cattle. The study also suggests skin temperature of the poll region could be used as non-invasive tool for monitoring heat stress in dairy buffaloes.
Cathelicidins are an ancient class of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with broad spectrum bactericidal activities. In this study, we investigated the diversity and biological activity of cathelicidins ...of buffalo, a species known for its disease resistance. A series of new homologs of cathelicidin4 (CATHL4), which were structurally diverse in their antimicrobial domain, was identified in buffalo. AMPs of newly identified buffalo CATHL4s (buCATHL4s) displayed potent antimicrobial activity against selected Gram positive (G+) and Gram negative (G-) bacteria. These peptides were prompt to disrupt the membrane integrity of bacteria and induced specific changes such as blebing, budding, and pore like structure formation on bacterial membrane. The peptides assumed different secondary structure conformations in aqueous and membrane-mimicking environments. Simulation studies suggested that the amphipathic design of buCATHL4 was crucial for water permeation following membrane disruption. A great diversity, broad-spectrum antimicrobial action, and ability to induce an inflammatory response indicated the pleiotropic role of cathelicidins in innate immunity of buffalo. This study suggests short buffalo cathelicidin peptides with potent bactericidal properties and low cytotoxicity have potential translational applications for the development of novel antibiotics and antimicrobial peptidomimetics.
Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are innate immune receptors that recognize bacterial cell wall components and initiate host immune response. Structure and ...function of NLRs have been well studied in human and mice, but little information exists on genetic composition and role of these receptors in innate immune system of water buffalo--a species known for its exceptional disease resistance. Here, a comparative study on the functional domains of NOD1 and NOD2 was performed across different species. The NOD mediated in-vitro cellular responses were studied in buffalo peripheral blood mononuclear cells, resident macrophages, mammary epithelial, and fibroblast cells. Buffalo NOD1 (buNOD1) and buNOD2 showed conserved domain architectures as found in other mammals. The domains of buNOD1 and buNOD2 showed analogy in secondary and tertiary conformations. Constitutive expressions of NODs were ubiquitous in different tissues. Following treatment with NOD agonists, peripheral lymphocytes showed an IFN-γ response along-with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Alveolar macrophages and mammary epithelial cells showed NOD mediated in-vitro immune response through NF-κB dependent pathway. Fibroblasts showed pro-inflammatory cytokine response following agonist treatment. Our study demonstrates that both immune and non-immune cells could generate NOD-mediated responses to pathogens though the type and magnitude of response depend on the cell types. The structural basis of ligand recognition by buffalo NODs and knowledge of immune response by different cell types could be useful for development of non-infective innate immune modulators and next generation anti-inflammatory compounds.
RIG1 and MDA5 have emerged as important intracellular innate pattern recognition receptors that recognize viral RNA and mediate cellular signals controlling Type I interferon (IFN-I) response. ...Buffalo RIG1 and MDA5 genes were investigated to understand the mechanism of receptor induced antiviral response. Sequence analysis revealed that RIG1 and MDA5 maintain a domain arrangement that is common in mammals. Critical binding site residues of the receptors are evolutionary conserved among mammals. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that RIG1 and MDA5 follow a similar, if not identical, dsRNA binding pattern that has been previously reported in human. Moreover, binding free energy calculation revealed that MDA5 had a greater affinity towards dsRNA compared to RIG1. Constitutive expressions of RLR genes were ubiquitous in different tissues without being specific to immune organs. Poly I:C stimulation induced elevated expressions of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) through interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) mediated pathway in buffalo foetal fibroblast cells. The present study provides crucial insights into the structure and function of RIG1 and MDA5 receptors in buffalo.
Riboflavin has an important role in various cellular metabolic activities through its participation in oxidation–reduction reactions. In this study, as many as 60 lactobacilli were screened for the ...presence or absence of riboflavin biosynthesis genes and riboflavin production. Of these, only 14 strains were able to grow in a commercial riboflavin-free medium. We observed that the presence of riboflavin biosynthesis genes is strain-specific across different species of lactobacilli. The microbiological assay was found to be appreciably reproducible, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive and, hence, can be employed for screening the riboflavin-producing strains. The study thus represents a convenient and efficient method for selection of novel riboflavin producers. These riboflavin+ strains thus identified and characterized could be explored as potent candidates for the development of a wide range of dairy- and cereal-based foods for the delivery of in situ riboflavin to consumers.
The study was carried out to compare the in vitro and in vivo heat shock responses of cattle and buffaloes. The expression of heat responsive genes (HSP70 and HSF family) were studied in vitro in ...peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cattle and buffalo. In vivo observations on animals were carried out to investigate the physiological responses of cattle and buffalo at different THI over a period of 14 months. The study indicated that onset and severity of heat stress at different THI varied significantly between cattle and buffalo. Rectal temperature (RT) showed a significant (
p
< 0.05) increase at THI 67 in buffaloes and at THI 68 in cattle. Significant (
p
< 0.01) differences in RT between the species were observed at THI 71, 72, and 73. Respiration rate (RR) significantly (
p
< 0.05) increased at THI 70 in both the species and significant (
p
< 0.05) differences in RR were observed between the species at THI 65, 68, 69, and 74. THI had significant (
p
< 0.05) effect on blood glucose and blood electrolytes of the species with increased levels at higher THI. Serum AST and ALT levels showed less pronounced changes over increasing THI. Heat stress-associated expressions of HSP 70 genes followed temporal changes with incremental THI. The expression of
HSPA8
was consistent at lower THI whereas upregulation of
HSPA1A
and
HSPA1L
was evident at higher THI. The study concludes that changes in physiological parameters such as RT and RR occur in a phasic pattern in both species and onset of heat stress was early in buffalo as compared to cattle.
The temperature-humidity index (THI) has been extensively applied for assessing heat stress in moderate to hot conditions in dairy cattle. However, there exist wide variation between researchers in ...defining an appropriate range of THI values for denoting different levels of stress. The present study was aimed to reassess previously described heat stress indicators of dairy cattle of sub-tropical region of India. From comparative evaluation of meteorological data over previous four years (2014–2017) the period of year when high THI prevailed in the region was determined. Accordingly, the time period of sample collection and observation on animals was decided, so that a THI range of 68–86 could be covered. After analyzing physiological, biochemical parameters and expression profile of heat shock response (HSR) genes of animals in response to different THI, it was evident from the study that animal undergoes few or little changes at THI 72, but major physiological changes occurred after THI reached 74. At THI range 74–79, no drastic change in these parameters occurred suggesting animals undergo transient acclimatization in this range to maintain homeostasis. Once THI reached and crossed 80, this homeostasis was perturbed and animals experienced major physiological changes again. Overall, the study suggests that THI values indicating level of heat stress are dependent on the geographic location, as well as type of animal and therefore, existing THI should be recalibrated for different climatic region for accurate assessment of the heat stress.
•Major physiological responses of animals to heat stress started at THI 74.•THI 74–79 induces moderate stress and THI≥ 80 induces severe stress in the animals.•Skin temperature could be a indicator for monitoring heat stress in animals.•Expression of HspA8 gene could be used for assessing level of heat stress in animal.
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