In December 2017, a dog that had pneumonic plague was brought to a veterinary teaching hospital in northern Colorado, USA. Several factors, including signalment, season, imaging, and laboratory ...findings, contributed to delayed diagnosis and resulted in potential exposure of >116 persons and 46 concurrently hospitalized animals to Yersinia pestis.
The accurate quantification of antimicrobial use (AMU) in production animals is critical for monitoring trends in exposure to antimicrobial drugs (AMD) over time and examining potential associations ...with antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. In this study, a census sample of cattle was used to quantify individually-dosed and in-feed AMU as both numbers of animal daily doses (nADD) and total grams of AMD (gAMD) used in cattle placed in 36 western Canadian feedlots between 1-November, 2008 and 31-October, 2012; representing about 21.5% of fed cattle in Canada during that time period. Of the ~2.6 million cattle placed during the 48-month period, 45% were calves, 63% were male, 62% arrived in the fall or winter, and 39% were assessed as high risk for developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The proportion of cattle categorized as high risk (HR) for developing BRD was consistent over the 4 years of placement cohorts. Both medically important AMU and ionophore use were summarized but presented separately. A decrease in AMU was observed over the study period, both as nADD and total gAMD, which was primarily driven by a decline in the in-feed administration of tetracyclines. Most in-feed AMU was directed toward prevention and control of liver abscesses. The majority of individually dosed AMU was administered as metaphylaxis to address BRD risks, with category III AMD (medium importance to human medicine as categorized by Health Canada Veterinary Drugs Directorate) used most frequently. Not surprisingly, risk level for developing BRD influenced parenteral AMD exposures, with 95% of cattle categorized as being HR for developing BRD receiving individually dosed AMD compared to 59% of cattle categorized as being low risk (LR) for developing BRD. Cattle categorized as HR for developing BRD were more likely to receive macrolides for BRD metaphylaxis compared to cattle categorized as LR for developing BRD, and cattle categorized as LR for developing BRD were more likely to receive tetracycline for the same purpose. In summary, these data provide an unprecedented representation of AMU in fed cattle in western Canada and direction for future monitoring of AMU in fed cattle.
The potential for antimicrobial use (AMU) to lead to the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is an increasingly important priority in human and veterinary medicine. Accurate AMU ...quantification is essential to assessing the risk of antimicrobial resistance due to AMU. The quantification of AMU in production animals can be difficult, and feedlot beef cattle present a number of unique challenges. This paper presents selected parenteral data from western Canadian beef feedlots to illustrate variations in interpretation of AMU that can arise from the use of different metrics and standards. Specific examples presented compare the number of animal daily doses calculated from a given amount of antimicrobial drug (AMD) using actual and estimated weights of cattle at exposure, dose-based to weight-based indicators representing the same amount of antimicrobial, dose-based AMU indicators using different estimated durations of effect (DOE), and AMU indicators calculated using different standard weights of cattle at exposure. Changing these factors when calculating AMU indicators can have notable influences on the results obtained. Transparency about the methods used to calculate AMU indicators is critical to ensure that comparisons of use among different populations is meaningful and accurate.
Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is a highly infectious and potentially fatal zoonotic disease that can be spread by wild and domestic animals. In endemic areas of the northern hemisphere plague ...typically cycles from March to October, when flea vectors are active. Clinical forms of disease include bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. All clinical forms are uncommon in dogs and the pneumonic form is exceedingly rare.
Two mixed breed young-adult male domestic dogs presented to Colorado veterinarians with fever and vague signs that progressed to hemoptysis within 24 h. Case 1 presented in June 2014, while Case 2 occurred in December 2017. Thoracic radiography of Case 1 and 2 revealed right dorsal and right accessory lobe consolidation, respectively. In Case 1 initial differential diagnoses included pulmonary contusion due to trauma or diphacinone toxicosis. Case 1 was euthanized ~ 24 h post presentation due to progressive dyspnea and hemoptysis. Plague was confirmed 9 days later, after the dog's owner was hospitalized with pneumonia. Case 2 was treated as foreign body/aspiration pneumonia and underwent lung lobectomy at a veterinary teaching hospital. Case 2 was euthanized after 5 days of hospitalization when bacterial culture of the excised lobe yielded Yersinia pestis. Both dogs had severe diffuse necrohemorrhagic and suppurative pneumonia at post mortem examination.
Both dogs were misdiagnosed due to the atypical lobar presentation of an extremely rare form of plague in a species that infrequently succumbs to clinical disease. Presentation outside of the typical transmission period of plague was also a factor leading to delayed diagnosis in Case 2. Erroneous identification by automated bacterial identification systems was problematic in both cases. In endemic areas, plague should be ruled out early in febrile dogs with acute respiratory signs, hemoptysis, lobar or diffuse pathology, and potential for exposure, regardless of season. Seasonal and geographic distributions of plague may shift with climate change, so vigilance by primary care veterinarians is warranted. Timely submission of samples to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory could expedite accurate diagnosis and reduce potential for human and domestic animal exposure.
Background
Effective environmental disinfection is necessary to prevent nosocomial infections from meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). However, there are currently no ...commercial disinfectant sprays or fogging systems with label claims against MRSP.
Hypothesis/objectives
To evaluate the efficacy of a quaternary ammonium product (QAC), an accelerated hydrogen peroxide product (AHP), a hydrogen peroxide and silver product (HAL), and a hydrogen peroxide and silver fogging system (FOG) against MRSP.
Methods and materials
Sterile plastic surfaces inoculated with MRSP were treated with 200 µL of QAC, AHP or HAL for the recommended contact times. For FOG, inoculated samples were placed in eight positions within a sealed room before fogging for the recommended contact time. Post‐treatment bacterial counts were compared to untreated positive controls. Sterile uninoculated surfaces served as negative controls.
Results
Least‐squares mean reduction (log10) in colony forming units (cfu) was 3.55 log10 for QAC (P < 0.0001), 3.60 log10 for AHP (P < 0.0001), 1.66 log10 for HAL (P < 0.0001) and 0.32 log10 for FOG (P = 0.004). QAC, AHP and HAL reduced MRSP cfu by 99.97%, 99.98% and 97.81%, respectively. FOG reduced cfu by 52.14%.
Conclusions and clinical importance
QAC and AHP effectively disinfected surfaces inoculated with MRSP. Although HAL provided lower MRSP reduction, it may be considered clinically acceptable. FOG as a sole means of MRSP disinfection was not supported yet may have utility as an adjunctive disinfectant in clinical areas with bacterial densities lower than our experimental inoculum.
Résumé
Contexte
Une désinfection environnementale efficace est nécessaire pour prévenir les infections nosocomiales par Staphylococcus pseudintermedius résistant à la méticiline (MRSP). Cependant, il n’existe pas de désinfectants en spray ou en fumigène disponible dans le commerce avec une mention spécifique contre les MRSP.
Hypothèses/Objectifs
Déterminer l’efficacité d’un ammonium quaternaire (QAC), un peroxyde d’hydrogène accéléré (AHP), un peroxyde d’hydrogène et d’argent 5HAL) et un peroxyde d’hydrogène et d’argent en fumigène (FOG) contre MRSP.
Matériels et méthodes
Les surfaces plastiques stériles inoculées avec MRSP ont été traitées avec 200 μL de QAC, AHP ou HAL pour les temps de contact recommandés. Pour FOG, les échantillons inoculés ont été placés dans huit positions dans une pièce fermée avant fumigation pour les temps de contact recommandés. Des comptages bactériens post‐traitements ont été comparés aux contrôles positifs non traités. Les surfaces non inoculées, stériles, ont servis de contrôles négatifs.
Résultats
La réduction moyenne des moindres carrés (log10) des unités de colonies (cfu) était 3.55 log10 pour QAC (P < 0.0001), 3.60 log10 pour AHP (P < 0.0001), 1.66 log10 pour HAL (P < 0.0001) et 0.32 log10 pour FOG (P = 0.004). QAC, AHP et HAL ont diminué respectivement les cfu de MRSP de 99.97%, 99.98% et 97.81%. FOG a réduit les cfu de 52.14%.
Conclusions et importance clinique
QAC et AHP ont désinfecté efficacement les surfaces inoculées par MRSP. Bien que HAL a entrainé une diminution de MRSP plus faible, c’est considéré comme cliniquement acceptable. FOG en tant qu’unique moyen de désinfection de MRSP n’ a pas été appuyé pour le moment mais pourrait être utile comme désinfectant complémentaire dans les zones cliniques avec des densités bactériennes plus faibles que notre inoculum expérimental.
RESUMEN
Introducción
Es necesaria una desinfección ambiental efectiva para prevenir las infecciones nosocomiales por Staphylococcus pseudintermedius resistente a meticilina (MRSP). Sin embargo, actualmente no hay aerosoles desinfectantes comerciales o sistemas de nebulización indicados frente a MRSP.
Hipótesis/objetivos
Evaluar la eficacia de un producto de amonio cuaternario (QAC), un producto de peróxido de hidrógeno acelerado (AHP), un producto de peróxido de hidrógeno y plata (HAL) y un sistema de nebulización de peróxido de hidrógeno y plata (FOG) frente a MRSP.
Métodos y materiales
Las superficies plásticas estériles inoculadas con MRSP se trataron con 200 μL de QAC, AHP o HAL durante los tiempos de contacto recomendados. Para FOG, las muestras inoculadas se colocaron en ocho posiciones dentro de una habitación sellada antes de nebulizar durante el tiempo de contacto recomendado. Los recuentos bacterianos posteriores al tratamiento se compararon con los controles positivos no tratados. Las superficies no inoculadas estériles sirvieron como controles negativos.
Resultados
La reducción media de mínimos cuadrados (log10) en las unidades formadoras de colonias (cfu) fue de 3,55 log10 para QAC (P <0,0001), 3,60 log10 para AHP (P <0,0001), 1,66 log10 para HAL (P <0,0001) y 0,32 log10 para FOG (P = 0,004). QAC, AHP y HAL redujeron el cfu de MRSP en un 99,97%, 99,98% y 97,81%, respectivamente. FOG redujo las cfu en un 52,14%.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
QAC y AHP desinfectaron efectivamente las superficies inoculadas con MRSP. Aunque HAL proporcionó una reducción menor de MRSP, puede considerarse clínicamente aceptable. La FOG como único medio de desinfección de MRSP no fue aceptable, pero puede tener utilidad como desinfectante adyuvante en áreas clínicas con densidades bacterianas más bajas que nuestro inóculo experimental.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eine wirksame Desinfektion der Umwelt ist nötig, um nosokomiale Infektionen durch Methicillin‐resistente Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) zu verhindern. Es gibt jedoch derzeit keine kommerziellen Desinfektionssprays oder Nebelsysteme, die nachweislich gegenüber MRSP wirksam sind.
Hypothese/Ziele
Eine Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit eines quaternären Ammoniumprodukts (QAC), eines Accelerated Hydrogenperoxidprodukts (AHP), eines Hydrogenperoxid und Silberprodukts (HAL), sowie eines Hydrogenperoxid und Silbervernebelungssystems (FOG) gegenüber MRSP.
Methoden und Materialien
Es wurden sterile Plastikoberflächen, die mit MRSP inokuliert waren, mit 200µL QAC, AHP oder HAL für die empfohlene Einwirkungsdauer behandelt. Für FOG wurden die inokulierten Proben in acht Positionen innerhalb eines abgedichteten Raumes platziert, bevor für die empfohlene Kontaktzeit genebelt wurde. Die Bakterienzahlen wurden nach der Behandlung mit jenen der unbehandelten Kontrollen verglichen. Sterile nicht inokulierte Oberflächen dienten als Negativkontrollen.
Ergebnisse
Least‐squares Mean reduction (log10) in Kolonie‐bildenden Einheiten (cfu) waren 3,55 log10 für QAC (P < 0,0001), 3,60 log10 für AHP (P < 0,0001), 1,66 log10 für HAL (P < 0,0001) und 0,32 log10 für FOG (P = 0,004). QAC, AHP und HAL reduzierten die MRSP cfu um 99,97%; 99,98% bzw 97,81%. FOG reduzierte die cfu um 52,14%.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
QAC und AHP desinfizierten mit MRSP inokulierte Oberflächen in wirksamer Weise. Obwohl HAL eine niedrigere MRSP Reduzierung erbrachte, kann es für klinisch akzeptabel gelten. FOG als einzige Maßnahme zur MRSP Desinfektion ist nicht ausreichend, könnte aber als unterstützendes Desinfektionsmittel in klinischen Bereichen zum Einsatz kommen, wo niedrigere als die im Experiment inokulierten Bakteriendichten vorkommen.
摘要
背景
有效的环境消毒是预防耐甲氧西林假中间型葡萄球菌 (MRSP) 医院感染的必要条件。然而, 目前没有商业消毒喷雾或雾化系统的标签声明可以针对MRSP。
假设/目的
评价季铵盐产品(QAC)、加速过氧化氢产品(AHP)、过氧化氢和银制剂(HAL)以及过氧化氢和银雾系统(FOG)对MRSP的有效性。
方法和材料
接种MRSP的无菌塑料表面用200μLQAC、AHP或HAL处理,按照建议的接触时间。对于FOG,在按照建议的接触时间进行雾化之前,将接种样本置于密封室内的8个位置。将处理后细菌计数与未处理阳性对照进行比较。无菌未接种表面作为阴性对照。
结果
菌落形成单位(cfu)的最小二乘平均减少(log10)为3.55log10(QAC)(P<0.0001)、3.60log10(AHP) (P<0.0001)、1.66log10(HAL)(P<0.0001)和0.32log10(FOG)(P=0.004)。QAC、AHP和HAL分别使MRSP cfu 降低 99.97%、99.98% 和 97.81%。FOG 使 cfu 降低 52.14%。
结论和临床重要性
QAC和AHP可对接种MRSP的表面进行有效消毒。尽管HAL降低MRSP的程度不大,但其在临床上尚可接受。FOG是唯一尚未得到支持的MRSP消毒方法,但在细菌密度低于我们实验接种物的临床区域,仍可用作辅助消毒剂。
要約
背景
メチシリン耐性Staphylococcus pseudintermediu（MRSP）による院内感染を防ぐには、効果的な環境消毒が必要である。ただし、現在、MRSPに対するラベル表示のある市販の消毒スプレーまたは噴霧システムはない。
仮説/目的
お本研究の目的は、第4級アンモニウム生成物（QAC）、加速過酸化水素生成物（AHP）、過酸化水素および銀生成物（HAL）、過酸化水素および銀噴霧システム（FOG）のMRSPに対する効果を評価することであった。
材料と方法
MRSPを接種した滅菌プラスチックの表面に200μLのQAC、AHPまたはHALを推奨接触時間で処理した。 FOGの場合、推奨接触時間による噴霧前に、接種サンプルを密閉室内の8つの位置に配置した。処理後の細菌数を未処理の陽性対照と比較した。無菌の非接種表面はネガティブコントロールとして機能した。
結果
コロニー形成単位（cfu）の最小二乗平均削減（log10）は、QACで3.55 log10（P <0.0001）、AHPで3.60 log10（P <0.0001）、HALで1.66 log10（P <0.0001）、およびFOGで0.32 log10（P = 0.004）であった。 QAC、AHP、およびHALは、MRSP cfuをそれぞれ99.97％、99.98％、97.81％削減した。 FOGはcfuを52.14％削減した。
結論と臨床的重要性
QACおよびAHPは、MRSPを接種した表面を効果的に消毒した。 HALはMRSPの低減をもたらしたが、臨床的に許容できる可能性がある。 MRSP消毒の唯一の手段としてまだサポートされていないFOGは、細菌密度が実験接種材料よりも低い臨床領域では、補助消毒剤としての有用性がある可能性がある。
Resumo
Contexto
A realização de desinfecção ambiental eficaz é importante para evitar infecções hospitalares por Staphylococcus pseudintermedius resistente à meticilina (MRSP). No entanto, atualmente não existem sprays desinfetantes comerciais ou sistemas de nebulização registrados para uso contra MRSP.
Hipótese / objetivos
Avaliar a eficácia contra MRSP de um produto à base de amônia quaternária (QAC), um produto à base de peróxido de hidrogênio acelerado (AHP), um produto à base de peróxido de hidrogênio e prata (HAL) e um sistema de nebulização à base peróxido de hidrogênio e prata (FOG).
Métodos e materiais
Superfícies plásticas estéreis inoculadas com MRSP foram tratadas com 200 μL de QAC, AHP ou HAL pelos tempos de contato recomendados. Para a FOG, as amostras inoculadas foram colocadas em oito posições dentro de uma sala fechada antes da nebulização durante o tempo de contato recomendado. As contagens bacterianas pós‐tratamento foram comparadas com controles positivos não tratados. As superfícies não inoculadas estéreis serviram como controle negativo.
Resultados
A redução média dos mínimos quadrados (log10) nas unidades formadoras de colônias (ufc) foi de 3,55 log10 para QAC (P <0,0001), 3,60 log10 para AHP (P <0,0001), 1,66 log10 para HAL (P <0,0001) e 0,32 log10 para FOG (P = 0,004). QAC, AHP e HAL reduziram a quantidade de ufc de MRSP em 99,97%, 99,98% e 97,81%, respectivamente. A FOG
Antimicrobial drugs are important tools for maintaining human and animal health. Globally, antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals is under increasing scrutiny due to its potential to ...promote antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Historically, comprehensive Canadian data related to the types of antimicrobial drugs used, extent of use, common indicators of use and the demographics of the cattle populations receiving antimicrobial drugs have been limited, in part due to segmentation in the cattle industry and fragmentation of the drug distribution system. Appropriate AMU estimates are required to understand AMU practices, to interpret AMR levels and patterns, to meaningfully assess associated public health risks, and to inform stewardship activities. The Canadian beef cattle industry has a long history of collaboration in AMU and AMR research. Prior research projects identified both opportunities and challenges in the collection of AMU data. Cornerstone projects provided insight into the complexity of collecting AMU data in Canada's feedlot sector. This paper will discuss how the lessons learned from past work have contributed to the formation of a Canadian fed-cattle antimicrobial surveillance program that was initiated in 2019. This important surveillance program will allow feedlot cattle AMU to improve management decisions and support AMU best practices in the evolving Canadian AMR landscape.
Equine herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) infection has been implicated as a cause of a variety of clinical disorders in young horses, including upper respiratory tract disease, generalized malaise, fever, ...pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, and lymphadenopathy. Considerable sequence heterogeneity has been demonstrated previously among EHV-2 strains, and individual horses can be concurrently infected with more than one virus strain. In this study, the temporal variation of the viral load and genomic diversity of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of EHV-2 in the nasal secretions of a cohort of foals was characterized during the first 5 months of life. The viral load in nasal secretions of foals peaked when the foals were approximately 3 months old, and there was notable genetic heterogeneity of the gB gene, both among foals and within individuals. Furthermore, there was evidence of positive selection of EHV-2 variants with unique amino acid sequences at specific sites of gB.
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of age and inferred prior vaccination history on the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody against rabies in horses. DESIGN Serologic response evaluation. ...ANIMALS 48 horses with an undocumented vaccination history. PROCEDURES Horses were vaccinated against rabies once. Blood samples were collected prior to vaccination, 3 to 7 weeks after vaccination, and at 6-month intervals for 2 to 3 years. Serum rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) values were measured. An RVNA value of ≥ 0.5 U/mL was used to define a predicted protective immune response on the basis of World Health Organization recommendations for humans. Values were compared between horses < 20 and ≥ 20 years of age and between horses inferred to have been previously vaccinated and those inferred to be immunologically naïve. RESULTS A protective RVNA value (≥ 0.5 U/mL) was maintained for 2 to 3 years in horses inferred to have been previously vaccinated on the basis of prevaccination RVNA values. No significant difference was evident in response to rabies vaccination or duration of protective RVNA values between horses < 20 and ≥ 20 years of age. Seven horses were poor responders to vaccination. Significant differences were identified between horses inferred to have been previously vaccinated and horses inferred to be naïve prior to the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A rabies vaccination interval > 1 year may be appropriate for previously vaccinated horses but not for horses vaccinated only once. Additional research is required to confirm this finding and characterize the optimal primary dose series for rabies vaccination.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of equine herpesvirus (EHV) in idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis in horses and to determine whether sample collection method affects detection of EHV DNA by ...quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). ANIMALS STUDIED: Twelve horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis and six horses without signs of ophthalmic disease. PROCEDURES: Conjunctival swabs, corneal scrapings, and conjunctival biopsies were collected from 18 horses: 12 clinical cases with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis and six euthanized controls. In horses with both eyes involved, the samples were taken from the eye judged to be more severely affected. Samples were tested with qPCR for EHV‐1, EHV‐2, EHV‐4, and EHV‐5 DNA. Quantity of EHV DNA and viral replicative activity were compared between the two populations and among the different sampling techniques; relative sensitivities of the sampling techniques were determined. RESULTS: Prevalence of EHV DNA as assessed by qPCR did not differ significantly between control horses and those with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis. Sampling by conjunctival swab was more likely to yield viral DNA as assessed by qPCR than was conjunctival biopsy. EHV‐1 and EHV‐4 DNA were not detected in either normal or IKC‐affected horses; EHV‐2 DNA was detected in two of 12 affected horses but not in normal horses. EHV‐5 DNA was commonly found in ophthalmically normal horses and horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis. CONCLUSIONS: Because EHV‐5 DNA was commonly found in control horses and in horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis, qPCR was not useful for the etiological diagnosis of equine keratoconjunctivitis. Conjunctival swabs were significantly better at obtaining viral DNA samples than conjunctival biopsy in horses in which EHV‐5 DNA was found.
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