El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar y establecer una tipología de sistemas ganaderos de Cotopaxi en el norte de la región Sierra en Ecuador. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante encuestas ...directas a 212 ganaderos y reflejan los principales aspectos técnicos, económicos y productivos de las explotaciones. La tipología fue establecida utilizando técnicas analíticas multivariantes. El análisis de Clusters reveló cuatro agrupamientos. Grupo I, definido como Granjas Pequeñas Familiares (GPF), Grupo II, como Granjas Medianas Familiares (GMF), Grupo III, como Granjas Medianas Familiares Tecnificadas (GMFT) y Grupo IV, como Granjas Muy Pequeñas Familiares (GMPF). Se aplicó un ANAVA. La evaluación indicó diferencias importantes en las explotaciones agrupadas a pesar de que se desarrollan en el mismo entorno agroclimático, operan en los mismos mercados y además, cuentan con información similar, el resultado es un variado universo de situaciones con variaciones relevantes entre sistemas medianos y pequeños por escala y en razón de sus superficies dedicadas a ganadería y a cultivos y sus resultados productivos y de eficiencia medida como ingresos por cada actividad y nivel de gastos.
The Pierre Auger Collaboration reports on its search for ultra high energy (UHE) neutrinos in the EeV range, three orders of magnitude above the highest energy neutrino events reported by IceCube. ...Analyzing over 9 years of data, the collaboration found no events, setting the strictest limits to date on the diffuse flux of UHE neutrinos. Neutrinos in the cosmic ray flux with energies near 1 EeV and above are detectable with the Surface Detector array (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We report here on searches through Auger data from 1 January 2004 until 20 June 2013. No neutrino candidates were found, yielding a limit to the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos that challenges the Waxman-Bahcall bound predictions. Neutrino identification is attempted using the broad time structure of the signals expected in the SD stations, and is efficiently done for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for "Earth-skimming" neutrino interactions in the case of tau neutrinos. In this paper the searches for downward-going neutrinos in the zenith angle bins 60degrees-75degrees and 75degrees-90degrees as well as for upward-going neutrinos, are combined to give a single limit. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos with an E super(-2) spectrum in the energy range 1.0 x 10 super(17) eV -2.5 x 10 super(19) eV is (ProQuest: Formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted) GeV cm super(-2) s super(-1) sr super(-1).
We report a first measurement for ultrahigh energy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered ...simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electromagnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncertainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the ‘ankle’ at lg(E/eV)=18.5–19.0 differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass A>4. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavored as the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at Earth.
Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: ...Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 95% CI: 2.45-3.82). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 95% CI: 1.20-1.70), diabetes (OR: 1.96 95% CI: 1.61-2.38), hypertension (OR: 1.72 95% CI: 1.50-1.97), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 95% IC: 1.18-1.70), a low education level (OR: 1.26 95% CI: 1.06-1.49) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 95% CI: 2.36-3.25). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.
Background Physical inactivity and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim To investigate whether if the association between obesity and diabetes is modified by levels of ...physical activity in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including 4,712 participants from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Diabetes was determined when participants referred having the disease or had a fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diabetes, obesity and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Compare to active and normal weight subjects (reference group), the risk for T2D was higher in active individuals with overweight (Odds ratio (OR): 2.85 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76- 4.61 p < 0.01). The risk among inactive but normal weight participants (OR: 2.12 95% CI: 1.49- 3.01, p < 0.01) was of lower magnitude and was even higher among inactive and overweight individuals (OR: 3.22 95% CI: 2.10 – 4.93, p < 0.01). Similar results were found for obesity and central obesity. Conclusions Individuals who are physically inactive and have a high adiposity level have an increased risk for T2D compared to active individuals with normal BMI.
The effects of combined oral contraceptives (OC), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (DMPA), levonorgestrel subdermal implant (Norplant®
2
), copper-containing intrauterine devices (copper ...IUD), and Chinese stainless steel ring IUD on hemoglobin and ferritin were studied in 18–40-year-old, nonpregnant, and nonlactating women in seven countries (Bangladesh, Chile, China, the Dominican Republic, Pakistan, Thailand, and Tunisia). Data from 2507 women were analyzed. The study had a cross-sectional component in which 1295 current users of the contraceptive methods were compared with 1212 women initiating use of contraceptives. The results of this component showed that the current users of hormonal contraceptive methods generally had higher hemoglobin and ferritin levels than the noncontraceptors. The differences between women using hormonal contraceptive and noncontraceptors in mean values for hemoglobin varied between 3 and 6 g/L and for ferritin between 2 and 18 g/L. The current users of copper IUD had higher hemoglobin levels (difference in mean levels of 3 g/L), but lower ferritin levels (difference of 10 g/L) than noncontraceptors. Current use of the stainless steel ring had an adverse effect on both hemoglobin and ferritin. In a longitudinal component of the study, 285 anemic women (hemoglobin between 80 and 120 g/L at the time of initiation of contraception)—a subgroup of the cross-sectional component—were followed-up at 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation. In this component, significant mean increases of hemoglobin at 12 months were observed among the users of oral contraceptives and DMPA, but not among users of copper or stainless steel ring IUD. It is concluded that hemoglobin and ferritin levels are influenced by the use of contraceptives and that the hormonal contraceptives included in the present study have a beneficial effect on these parameters. The effects of copper IUD on hemoglobin and ferritin should be studied further.261
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