The high moisture sorghum grain silage is an important source of feed for livestock in Uruguay and some regions of the world. That is why this study aimed to evaluate the effect of ensilage time, ...moisture content, and variety on the in vitro fermentation ruminal parameters of moist sorghum grain stored in experimental silos. This study was conducted to analyze gas production in vitro of two sorghum grains varieties, with high and low-tannin content, ensiled with15–25%, 26–32%, and 33–42% moisture content 30, 90, and 180 d of ensilage in experimental silos. Total gas production was higher in low-tannin grains than in those with high-tannin, regardless of the ensilage time or the moisture content. Differences in the gas production rate were also observed in the interactions between tannin and moisture content, ensilage time, and moisture content as between tannin content and moisture contents for the lag time. Moreover, medium moisture content promoted the fermentability in high-tannin grains and high moisture in low-tannin grains. The fermentability of both high and low-tannin grains was enhanced with increasing ensilage time.
The lipid profile of milk from grazing goats supplemented with vegetable oils was evaluated. Twenty-seven Saanen goats consuming pasture were grouped and supplemented with 3 concentrates: without ...added oil (control, C) and with added sunflower (SFO) or soybean oil (SBO) until 6% ether extract (diet basis). Fat content and sensory profile of milk were not modified. Vaccenic acid increased for SBO and SFO (1.5% vs. 2.6% and 2.7% respectively; p < 0.01), and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid from 0.6% to 0.8% for treated groups (p < 0.01). Oil supplementation resulted effective to decrease the saturated/unsaturated ratio of grazing goat's milk.
•DMI was not affected by supplementation either with starchy or fibrous concentrates.•Supplementation did not affect microbial N supply and its efficiency.•Ruminal pH of heifers supplemented with ...starchy or fibrous concentrates was similar.•Soyhulls supplementation enhanced NDF digestion respect to starch supplementation.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with starchy or fibrous concentrates to heifers fed temperate pasture silage on intake, digestibility, ruminal environment, microbial N supply and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Twenty-four Hereford heifers (average BW = 224.2) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets consisted in pasture silage alone (S), pasture silage supplemented with soyhulls (S + SH), pasture silage supplemented with barley (S + B) or pasture silage supplemented with corn (S + C). Concentrates were offered prior to forage at 10 g DM/kg BW once daily. The inclusion of supplements depressed daily forage intake (6.60 vs. 5.13 kg/d, P < 0.001), but supplemented animals ate enough forage to reach a forage:concentrate ratio of 70:30.Supplementation tended to increase total DM daily intake (6.60 vs. 7.40 kg/d, P = 0.072) and increased total OM intake (5.73 vs. 6.63 kg/d, P = 0.015). Non-supplemented group spent more time eating (325 vs. 242 min/d, P = 0.009), however ruminating time was similar between treatments. Whole diet digestibility was not affected by the inclusion of corn or barley, but the inclusion of soyhulls increased NDF digestibility from 0.66 to 0.76 (P = 0.005). Ruminal pH was lower for the supplemented groups (6.47 vs. 6.82, supplemented vs. non-supplemented, respectively; P < 0.001). Supplementation with soyhulls led to the highest daily mean total VFAs concentration (P < 0.001) and insulin concentrations were higher in animals supplemented with starchy concentrates (P = 0.011). Supplementation did not affect microbial N supply, nor its efficiency. Overall, our results indicate that the supplementation of temperate pasture silage with energy concentrates at low levels once a day to supplement improved energy related parameters but not microbial N supply. Under these feeding conditions, the effect of using soyhulls, corn or barley was similar, despite their differences in composition and fermentation characteristics.
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of including 2 functional feed ingredients in a diet with a high proportion of pasture silage on in vitro ruminal fermentation, nutrient disappearances, and ...ruminal microbiomes. In a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system (6 fermentation units), 4 treatments were evaluated: 1) CONTROL: a diet based on corn and grass silage, regular soybean meal (SBM), and corn; 178 g/kg of crude protein (CP) (used as negative control), 2) TSBM: Replacement of SBM by Mervobest® (used as positive control), 3) PHY (phytogenic mixture (tannins from quebracho and chestnut) at 10 g/kg dry matter (DM) replacing SBM) and 4) MCFA (mixture of medium-chain fatty acids, Aromabiotic Cattle® at 10 g/kg DM replacing SBM). Four runs were performed with 3 diets incubated simultaneously in duplicate using a balanced incomplete block design, lasting 17 days each. The inoculum was obtained from 3 rumen fistulated cows, and artificial saliva was infused at 650 mL/day. Samples were taken from each fermentation unit to determine the gas production, pH, NH3-N, and volatile fatty acids concentrations. The apparent digestibility of diet compounds was determined. Microbial protein synthesis and microbial community diversity were estimated using 15N as an external isotopic marker and by sequencing part of the 16 S rDNA gene, respectively. The TSBM and PHY treatments decreased NH3-N concentrations (P < 0.001) and the DM disappearance (P = 0.004). The crude protein disappearance was the lowest for TSBM followed by PHY (P < 0.001). The true protein disappearance was lower for TSBM and PHY than for CONTROL and MCFA (P < 0.001). The isovaleric acid proportion was lower for TSBM, MCFA, and PHY than for CONTROL. Treatments TSBM and MCFA registered lower neutral detergent fibre disappearance (P < 0.001) than the other diets but without changes in the quantified fibrolytic genera in the ruminal microbiota. The PHY treatment increased the relative abundance of Succinivibrio spp. and reduced that of Methanobrevibacter relative to that of CONTROL and TSBM, which could be linked to lower methanogenesis. The MCFA treatment increased Succinivibrio compared with TSBM and Succiniclasticum spp. compared with CONTROL. These results indicate that PHY inclusion at 10 g/kg DM decreased rumen protein degradation, similar to TSBM; while MCFA decreased rumen protein degradation to a lesser extent. Furthermore, both additives generated changes in the ruminal microbiota that would be associated with lower methane production.
•Formaldehyde reduces soybean meal degradation but is associated with cancer risk.•A tannin mixture protects proteins from degradation similar to treated soybean meal.•Medium-chain fatty acids also show certain protein protection from degradation.•Both additives modulate the microbiota, so they could reduce methane emissions.
•Nutritional properties of goat milk and cheeses elaborated were modified.•Danbo Type cheeses elaborated can be considered a good source of CLA and TVA.•Supplemented diet increased cheese fat ...content, without affecting protein content.•Microbiological, sensory profile and consumer acceptability were not affected.•Absence of negative effects in sensory properties were maintained during the shelf life.
Goat`s milk and its dairy products have been commonly related to important nutritional and health benefits. In fact, fat fraction is one of the most important components of goat’s milk regarding its value, as lipids are involved in cheese yield, firmness, color and flavor of goat dairy products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification in the lipid and sensory profile of cheeses elaborated with goat milk, through diet inclusion of sunflower oil (SFO). The main objective was to elaborate Danbo Type cheeses with increased content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA), and at the same time decrease the proportion of saturated fat, and evaluate these values during the shelf life of the cheeses. The study was conducted with 60 Saanen goats separated into two homogeneous groups and supplemented for 18 days with one of two concentrates: without added oil (control, C) or enriched with sunflower oil (SFO). Cheeses were elaborated using goat milk, collected after desirable changes in its lipid profile were achieved. Physicochemical, microbiological, and fatty acid composition together with the sensory profile were evaluated. In SFO cheeses fat content increased, without affecting protein content, microbiological, sensory profile and consumer acceptability. Also, the content of TVA increased from 2.4 to 4.4 % (p < 0.01), while CLA presented an increase from 0.8 to 1.3 % (p < 0.01). A decrease in the saturated/unsaturated ratio was observed resulting in a decrease in the atherogenic index. Therefore, inclusion of SFO in the diet of goats could be a viable alternative to increase the contribution of fatty acids with beneficial effects for health in cheeses.
Fermentation kinetics, digestibility, faecal characteristics and bacterial populations (aerobes, anaerobes, lactobacilli, lactic acid bacteria, enterococci, coliforms and clostridia) of dog food ...mixed with citrus pulp and apple pomace were evaluated. The in vitro gas production of a pre-digested dog food mixed with 0, 30, 50 and 70 g/kg dry matter (DM) of citrus pulp or apple pomace was measured, and also an experiment with dogs fed the same dog food with or without the addition of 70 g/kg of either fresh citrus pulp or apple pomace was conducted. Gas production increased linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p < 0.001) as fibre levels augmented. The inclusion of fibre sources in the diets resulted in higher faecal output (p = 0.005) and defecation frequency (p < 0.001), and lower faecal pH (p < 0.001) and digestibility values (p < 0.01). Faecal consistencies and microbial populations did not differ among treatments. The addition of fresh citrus and apple was effective to stimulate the hindgut fermentation, but slightly depressed the digestion.
Effects of ensiling and adding molasses or increasing levels of fresh cheese whey on the conservation and rumen degradability of temperate pasture silages were evaluated. Forage from three paddocks ...of mixed grass and legume pastures was used to make 45 silages (15 silages per paddock) with 5 treatments, including silage without additives (control), silage with 15g/kg dehydrated molasses and silage with 20, 50 and 100g/kg fresh cheese whey. The chemical composition and fermentation quality (i.e., pH, ammonia N, loss of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), effluent production) of the silages were determined. Fresh and ensiled materials were evaluated for in situ rumen degradability. Ensiling reduced DM and NDF rumen degradability (P<0.01). When additives were employed, the reduction of DM degradability of the silages decreased (P≤0.03). Addition of molasses led to the lowest pH (P<0.01) and DM losses (P<0.01), and highest DM degradability (P<0.01). The conservation and DM degradation results of dried molasses silage was superior to those of fresh whey silages. In general, an increase in the level of whey increased DM degradability (P≤0.03), but linearly increased effluent production (P<0.01) and losses (P<0.01).
Digestibility, fecal characteristics, and levels of glucose and urea in the plasma were determined in 8 dogs that received 2 different dog foods once or 3 times daily. One dog food (A) was 5 times ...more expensive than the other (B). Fecal pH and consistency, digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and crude fiber (CF) were determined. Blood samples were taken from 30 min before to 60 min after a meal. Digestibilities of DM, OM, and CP, and fecal consistency were higher, and daily fecal excretion and fecal pH were lower when dogs were fed food A (P < 0.001). The feeding schedule had no effect on plasma glucose and urea. Neither feeding X frequency nor food 3 frequency interactions was significant for the parameters studied.
Se describe la prevalencia de leptospiras en ratas capturadas en la villa de emergencia La Cava, San Isidro, provincia de Buenos Aires. Desde diciembre de 1995 hasta noviembre de 1996 se realizaron ...capturas mensuales de ratas durante tres días en cada relevamiento, a las que se les determinó especie, sexo y peso. Las tasas de prevalencia (examinados en cuanto a su infección de leptospiras por cultivo de riñón) fueron de 45.8% en Rattus norvegicus y de 18.1% en Rattus rattus. Los aislamientos correspondieron a cepas virulentas de Leptospira interrogans serogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae. Las tasas de prevalencia de leptospiras en Rattus norvegicus no difirieron significativamente en cuanto al sexo ni al peso de los individuos capturados. La prevalencia de leptospiras fue alta y persistente a lo largo del año, a pesar de la aparente disminución de la abundancia de ratas luego del inicio de una campaña de desratización. Esto indica el alto riesgo para personas y animales residentes en el hábitat estudiado.
