Brain-Gut Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Bonaz, Bruno L; Bernstein, Charles N
Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943),
2013, January 2013, 2013-Jan, 2013-01-00, 20130101, 2013-01, Letnik:
144, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune modulation through the brain-gut axis likely has a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The brain-gut axis involves interactions among the ...neural components, including (1) the autonomic nervous system, (2) the central nervous system, (3) the stress system (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), (4) the (gastrointestinal) corticotropin-releasing factor system, and (5) the intestinal response (including the intestinal barrier, the luminal microbiota, and the intestinal immune response). Animal models suggest that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through an anti–tumor necrosis factor effect of the efferent vagus nerve could be a therapeutic target in IBD through a pharmacologic, nutritional, or neurostimulation approach. In addition, the psychophysiological vulnerability of patients with IBD, secondary to the potential presence of any mood disorders, distress, increased perceived stress, or maladaptive coping strategies, underscores the psychological needs of patients with IBD. Clinicians need to address these issues with patients because there is emerging evidence that stress or other negative psychological attributes may have an effect on the disease course. Future research may include exploration of markers of brain-gut interactions, including serum/salivary cortisol (as a marker of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), heart rate variability (as a marker of the sympathovagal balance), or brain imaging studies. The widespread use and potential impact of complementary and alternative medicine and the positive response to placebo (in clinical trials) is further evidence that exploring other psycho-interventions may be important therapeutic adjuncts to the conventional therapeutic approach in IBD.
The development of statistical software has enabled food scientists to perform a wide variety of mathematical/statistical analyses and solve problems. Therefore, not only sophisticated analytical ...methods but also the application of multivariate statistical methods have increased considerably. Herein, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are the most widely used tools to explore similarities and hidden patterns among samples where relationship on data and grouping are until unclear. Usually, larger chemical data sets, bioactive compounds and functional properties are the target of these methodologies.
In this article, we criticize these methods when correlation analysis should be calculated and results analyzed.
The use of PCA and HCA in food chemistry studies has increased because the results are easy to interpret and discuss. However, their indiscriminate use to assess the association between bioactive compounds and in vitro functional properties is criticized as they provide a qualitative view of the data. When appropriate, one should bear in mind that the correlation between the content of chemical compounds and bioactivity could be duly discussed using correlation coefficients.
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•Chemometric tools are widely used for classification, calibration and exploratory issues.•Unsupervised statistical methods are used to study data structure and look for clusters of samples.•PCA and CA are the most widely used methods.•PCA and CA can be useful in studies regarding bioactive compounds in foods.•We criticize the indiscriminate use of PCA and CA.
Copper (Cu) is an essential element, however it’s excess into the environment causes detrimental effect on plant and risks for public health. Four Cu and drought tolerant ...1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase producing rhizobacteria were isolated from the roots of Trifolium repens L. growing on Cu smelter contaminated soils, characterized and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A consortium of high ACC deaminase (53.74 μM α-ketobutyrate mg−1 protein h−1) producing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. strain TR15a + siderophore producing Bacillus aerophilus strain TR15c significantly (p < 0.05) produced better results for multiple-metal tolerance including Cu (1750 mg kg−1), antibiotic resistance (ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin) and plant growth promoting attributes (phosphate solubilization: 315 mg L−1, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production: 8 mg L−1, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide production) as compared to individual isolates. Pot scale experiment (enriched with 100 mg Cu kg−1) showed inoculation of Helianthus annuus seeds with consortium of TR15a + TR15c had significantly (p < 0.05) improved seed germination by 32%, total dry biomass by 64%, root Cu by 47% and shoot Cu by 75% as compared to uninoculated control whereas 0.2−7 fold higher results were observed for above stated parameters as compared to four individual isolates studied. The result suggests consortium of ACC deaminase producing Pseudomonas sp. TR15a and siderophore producing B. aerophilus TR15c could play a vital role in enhanced Cu uptake and improvement of biomass and may provide a better alternative for decontamination of Cu contaminated natural ecosystem than individual isolates.
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•Pseudomonas sp. TR15a and Bacillus aerophilus TR15c produced high ACC deaminase.•Consortium of TR15a + TR15c showed high resistance to multiple metals and antibiotics.•Siderophore production and ACC deaminase activity were improved for consortium.•Growth and Cu concentration in sunflower enhanced after application of consortium.•Consortium act as better phytostabilizer than single inoculant for Cu remediation.
Treatment with noninvasive oxygenation strategies such as noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal oxygen may be more effective than standard oxygen therapy alone in patients with acute hypoxemic ...respiratory failure.
To compare the association of noninvasive oxygenation strategies with mortality and endotracheal intubation in adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
The following bibliographic databases were searched from inception until April 2020: MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Web of Science, and LILACS. No limits were applied to language, publication year, sex, or race.
Randomized clinical trials enrolling adult participants with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure comparing high-flow nasal oxygen, face mask noninvasive ventilation, helmet noninvasive ventilation, or standard oxygen therapy.
Two reviewers independently extracted individual study data and evaluated studies for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Network meta-analyses using a bayesian framework to derive risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences along with 95% credible intervals (CrIs) were conducted. GRADE methodology was used to rate the certainty in findings.
The primary outcome was all-cause mortality up to 90 days. A secondary outcome was endotracheal intubation up to 30 days.
Twenty-five randomized clinical trials (3804 participants) were included. Compared with standard oxygen, treatment with helmet noninvasive ventilation (RR, 0.40 95% CrI, 0.24-0.63; absolute risk difference, -0.19 95% CrI, -0.37 to -0.09; low certainty) and face mask noninvasive ventilation (RR, 0.83 95% CrI, 0.68-0.99; absolute risk difference, -0.06 95% CrI, -0.15 to -0.01; moderate certainty) were associated with a lower risk of mortality (21 studies 3370 patients). Helmet noninvasive ventilation (RR, 0.26 95% CrI, 0.14-0.46; absolute risk difference, -0.32 95% CrI, -0.60 to -0.16; low certainty), face mask noninvasive ventilation (RR, 0.76 95% CrI, 0.62-0.90; absolute risk difference, -0.12 95% CrI, -0.25 to -0.05; moderate certainty) and high-flow nasal oxygen (RR, 0.76 95% CrI, 0.55-0.99; absolute risk difference, -0.11 95% CrI, -0.27 to -0.01; moderate certainty) were associated with lower risk of endotracheal intubation (25 studies 3804 patients). The risk of bias due to lack of blinding for intubation was deemed high.
In this network meta-analysis of trials of adult patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, treatment with noninvasive oxygenation strategies compared with standard oxygen therapy was associated with lower risk of death. Further research is needed to better understand the relative benefits of each strategy.
We show that the gravitational phase space for the near-horizon region of a bifurcate, axisymmetric Killing horizon in any dimension admits a 2D conformal symmetry algebra with central charges ...proportional to the area. This extends the construction of Haco et. al. J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2018) 098JHEPFG1029-847910.1007/JHEP12(2018)098 to generic Killing horizons appearing in solutions of Einstein's equations and motivates a holographic description in terms of a 2D conformal field theory. The Cardy entropy in such a field theory agrees with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the horizon, suggesting a microscopic interpretation. A set of appendixes is included in the Supplemental Material that provides examples and further details of the calculations presented in the main text.
Probing cosmic homogeneity in the Local Universe Dias, Bruno L; Avila, Felipe; Bernui, Armando
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
10/2023, Letnik:
526, Številka:
3
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ABSTRACT
We investigate the transition scale to homogeneity, RH, using as cosmic tracer the spectroscopic sample of blue galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Considering the spatial ...distribution of the galaxy sample, we compute the two point correlation function ξ(r), the scaled counts in spheres $\mathcal {N}(\lt r)$, and the fractal dimension $\mathcal {D}_2(r)$ to quantify the homogeneity scale in the Local Universe (0.04 < z < 0.20). The sample in analysis is compared with random and mock catalogues with the same geometry, and the same number of synthetic cosmic objects as the data set, to calculate the covariance matrix for the errors determination. The criteria adopted for the transition-to-homogeneity follows the literature, it is attained when $\mathcal {D}_2(r)$ reaches the 1 per cent level of the limit value 3 (i.e. where it reaches 2.97) as the scale increases. We obtain RH = 70.33 ± 10.74 Mpc h−1, at the effective redshift zeff = 0.128, for a sample containing $150\, 302$ SDSS blue galaxies with 0.04 < z < 0.20. Additionally, we perform robustness tests by analysing the homogeneity scale in sub-volumes of the original one, obtaining coherent results; we also check for a possible artefact in our procedure examining a homogeneous synthetic data set as a pseudo-data, verifying that such systematic is absent. Because our analyses concentrate in data at low redshifts, z < 0.20, we find interesting to use cosmography to calculate the radial comoving distances; therefore in this subject our analyses do not use fiducial cosmological model. For completeness, we evaluate the difference of the comoving distances estimation using cosmography and fiducial cosmology.
Industrial production and manufacturing systems require automation, reliability, as well as low-latency intelligent control. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an emerging paradigm that enables ...precise, low latency, intelligent computing, supported by cutting-edge technology such as edge computing and machine learning. IIoT provides some of the essential building blocks to drive manufacturing systems to the next level of productivity, efficiency, and safety. Hardware failures and faults in IIoT are critical challenges to be faced. These anomalies can cause accidents and financial loss, affect productivity, and mobilize staff by producing false alarms. In this context, this article proposes a framework called Detection and Alert State for Industrial Internet of Things Faults (DASIF). The DASIF framework applies edge computing to execute highly precise and low latency machine learning models to detect industrial IoT faults and autonomously enforce an adaptive communication policy, triggering a state of alert in case of fault detection. The state of alert is a pre-stage countermeasure where the network increases communication reliability by using data replication combined with multiple-path communication. When the system is under alert, it can process a fine-grained inspection of the data for efficient decison-making. DASIF performance was obtained considering a simulation of the IIoT network and a real petrochemical dataset.
Immunotherapy has become an established pillar of cancer treatment improving the prognosis of many patients with a broad variety of hematological and solid malignancies. The two main drivers behind ...this success are checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. This review summarizes seminal findings from clinical and translational studies recently presented or published at important meetings or in top-tier journals, respectively. For checkpoint blockade, current studies focus on combinational approaches, perioperative use, new tumor entities, response prediction, toxicity management and use in special patient populations. Regarding cellular immunotherapy, recent studies confirmed safety and efficacy of CAR T cells in larger cohorts of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Different strategies to translate the striking success of CAR T cells in B cell malignancies to other hematological and solid cancer types are currently under clinical investigation. Regarding the regional distribution of registered clinical immunotherapy trials a shift from PD-1 / PD-L1 trials (mainly performed in the US and Europe) to CAR T cell trials (majority of trials performed in the US and China) can be noted.
1. Three main directions of adaptive specialization are evident in the world flora, reflecting fundamental trade-offs between economics (conservative vs. acquisitive investment of resources) and ...size. The current method of ordinating plants according to these trade-offs, CSR classification, cannot be applied to the woody species that dominate many terrestrial ecosystems. 2. We aimed to produce a novel CSR classification method applicable to vascular plants in general. 3. Principal components analysis (PCA) of variation in a range of plant traits for 678 angiosperm, gymnosperm and pteridophyte species was used to determine the limits to multivariate space occupied by functionally diverse species. From this calibration, correlations between PCA axes and values of leaf dry matter content (LDMC; as an index of conservatism in life history), specific leaf area (SLA; indicative of acquisitive economics) and leaf area (LA; photosynthetic organ size) were used to produce predictor regressions from which target species could be compared against the multivariate space. A spreadsheet was developed that returned ternary coordinates and tertiary CSR strategies for target subjects based on LA, LDMC and SLA values. 4. The method allowed classification of target species within a triangular space corresponding to Grime's theoretical CSR triangle and was sufficiently precise to distinguish strategies between species within genera and within populations of species. It was also largely in agreement with previous methods of CSR classification for herbaceous species. 5. Rapid CSR classification of woody and herbaceous vascular plants is now possible, potentially allowing primary plant functional types and ecosystem processes to be investigated over landscape scales.
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