► Coffee brew preparation method defines the phenol content and antioxidant capacity. ► Coffee brews contain chlorogenic acid derivates in next order: 5-CQA>4-CQA>3-CQA. ► Instant coffee showed the ...highest amount of phenols and highest antioxidant capacity. ► Filter coffee showed the lowest amount of phenols and lowest antioxidant capacity. ► Milk addition decreases phenol content and antioxidant capacity of coffee brews.
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, prepared and consumed in many different ways. Taste, aroma and composition of the coffee brew vary depending on the preparation method. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of different brewing methods on the polyphenol and methylxanthine composition and antioxidant capacity of thirteen different coffee brews. The content of total phenols and flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically and the content of chlorogenic acid derivates (3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA) and caffeine using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA). Antioxidant capacity of coffee brews was evaluated by using the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays. Instant coffee brews showed the highest values in content of total phenols, chlorogenic acid derivates, caffeine and antioxidant capacity, which significantly decreased by milk addition. The antioxidant capacity of coffee brews was in compliance with the total phenol content and content of chlorogenic acid derivates.
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and acrylamide, as products of Maillard's reactions, are present in roasted cocoa shell. Since the cocoa shell is increasingly being researched for use in food ...enrichment due to high fiber and polyphenols content, it is necessary to solve the problem of components that can be harmful to human health. We evaluated the effect of high voltage electrical discharge (HVED) on colour, moisture, 5-HMF and acrylamide content in cocoa shell obtained after roasting cocoa beans. The effects of concentration, frequency and time of cocoa shell treatment were investigated. HVED proved to be a successful method for reducing the content of acrylamide and 5-HMF. In addition, darkening of samples was observed which could mean that further reactions of those components occurred.
•Cocoa shell obtained after roasting cocoa beans was treated with HVED.•5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acrylamide content was reduced after treatment.•Water activity and moisture of treated samples were increased.•Colour results showed darkening of treated samples.
Background: The analysis of vitamins in baby food is a challenging task given the complexity of the food matrix, vitamin stability, and strict regulations of the European Union regarding permissible ...deviations from declared values. Vitamins in food exist in different concentrations and forms and have different stabilities; thus, the preparation of samples for a reliable analysis using the same procedure is not straightforward. Therefore, significant attention has been devoted to optimizing sample preparation in the analysis of vitamins. Methods: This study aims to determine which of the sample preparation and extraction methods is the most efficient for the simultaneous determination of vitamins A, D, E, and K in milk and baby food using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Different samples of baby food were prepared in seven different ways based on four methods (saponification, enzymatic hydrolysis, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction). Results and Conclusions: According to the validation parameters, the optimal preparation method proved to be solid-phase extraction with a C18 stationary phase, with recoveries of 97.4%, 96.1%, 98.3%, and 96.2% for vitamins A, D, E, and K, respectively, and HPLC with a UV–Vis detector was identified as a sufficiently sensitive technique for the identification and quantification of fat-soluble vitamins in milk and baby food.
BPA is a plasticizer for the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and is widely used in the production of household goods, including food packaging. Free BPA is known to migrate from ...packaging to food, and its uptake has been associated with adverse health effect, particularly the disruption of endocrine activity. The presence and migration of BPA from plastic consumer products are subject to strict regulation in the EU. The aim of this study is to analyse the migration of BPA from different packaging items and household products sold on the Croatian market. To simulate real life exposure, we treated samples with a food simulant. The analytical performance was confirmed with the EU requirements. BPA levels were assessed in 61 samples by HPLC-FLD and the LOQ of the method was 0.005 mg kg
for the food simulant. These results showed that the levels of BPA that migrated to the food simulant were below LOQ and in accordance with the specific migration limit into food, which was defined as 0.05 mg kg
for all samples. None of the analysed products presented a health hazard. However, these regulations do not refer to products intended for children's use, in which BPA is banned. Furthermore, regulations require testing before putting products on the market, and previous research shows that possible BPA migration occurs due to various uses, along with a cumulative effect of exposure from even very small concentrations. Therefore, for accurate BPA consumer exposure evaluation and possible health risks, a comprehensive approach is needed.
Ginkgo biloba
L. is the eldest plant growing on the Earth; preparations made of its leaves and seeds represent an integral part of the Chinese medicine for over a millennium. The plant species was ...first discovered by Linnaeus in 1771, its name thereby originating from the Latin words
bis
(two) and
lobus
(lobe), which duly illustrate the specific shape of its leaf. Contemporary
Ginkgo biloba
L. plant based pharmaceuticals mostly comprise extracts recovered from leaves harvested during fall, when the concentration of active components reaches its peak. Recent investigations have managed to establish the chemical composition of the plant leaf, together with the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on rheological profile of the blood and acceleration of its flow. High price of these preparations and their vast popularity have soon become an incentive for counterfeiting
Ginkgo biloba
L. extracts and the release of bogus drugs comprising cheaper extracts coming from other plants. Namely, modern
Ginkgo biloba
L.-based medicinal products and food supplements comprise extracts recovered from the plant leaf that get to be standardized according to its key pharmacological active components, most often flavone glycosides (represented in the share of 22%-27%) and terpene trilactones (represented in the share of 6%-7%). The flavonoids that predominate such preparations and are most relevant from the pharmacological standpoint are quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, their total amount and mutual ratios, thereby being an unquestionable indicator of the extract authenticity. Therefore, most of the analyses aiming at verifying the authenticity of a given
Ginkgo biloba
L.-based product boil down to the analysis of these parameters. Counterfeiting involves partial or full replacement of the
Ginkgo biloba
L. extract (GBE) with a cheaper plant extract of a similar composition, the latter occasionally being enriched with an additional amount of flavonoids, most often quercetin, not originating from the
Ginkgo biloba
L. plant. The aim of this study was to verify the authenticity and quality of
Ginkgo biloba
L.-based products circulating on the Croatian market. To that effect, 10 samples of products produced by various manufacturers were analyzed in a certified laboratory. The parameters based on which the authenticity of the preparations was assessed were the shares of aglycones of typical ginkgo flavone glycosides, that is to say, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, and mutual ratios of the established quantities of quercetin to kaempferol as the key clues to unmasking
Ginkgo
extracts counterfeiting. The amount of ginkgo flavone glycosides was established using high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis proved 80% of the samples analyzed to be conformant to the label statements as regards the total amount of flavone glycosides and their mutual ratios. In 20% of the samples, the ratio of quercetin to kaempferol deviated from normal values; on top of that, the presence of the phytoestrogen genistein, one of the components typically comprised by the
Sophora japonica
L. plant, was also proven, documenting counterfeiting of the GBE and its replacement by the
Sophora japonica
L. extracts in the samples under consideration. Due to the untrue label statements descriptive of these products, the information on the presence of pharmacologically active genistein was neglected to be mentioned despite its unfavorable health impact that can be expected in some consumer groups. The results of this study indicated the frequency of counterfeiting the
Ginkgo biloba
L.-based products found on the Croatian market to be deemed substantial. Therefore, a more rigorous and more thorough control of these products and sanctioning of irresponsible manufacturers and distributers is proposed, so as to contribute to a higher market representation of high-quality products, as well as to avoid health risks and downsize the rate of their counterfeiting.
Ginkgo biloba L. is the eldest plant growing on the Earth; preparations made of its leaves and seeds represent an integral part of the Chinese medicine for over a millennium. The plant species was ...first discovered by Linnaeus in 1771, its name thereby originating from the Latin words bis (two) and lobus (lobe), which duly illustrate the specific shape of its leaf. Contemporary Ginkgo biloba L. plant based pharmaceuticals mostly comprise extracts recovered from leaves harvested during fall, when the concentration of active components reaches its peak. Recent investigations have managed to establish the chemical composition of the plant leaf, together with the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on rheological profile of the blood and acceleration of its flow. High price of these preparations and their vast popularity have soon become an incentive for counterfeiting Ginkgo biloba L. extracts and the release of bogus drugs comprising cheaper extracts coming from other plants. Namely, modern Ginkgo biloba L.-based medicinal products and food supplements comprise extracts recovered from the plant leaf that get to be standardized according to its key pharmacological active components, most often flavone glycosides (represented in the share of 22%-27%) and terpene trilactones (represented in the share of 6%-7%). The flavonoids that predominate such preparations and are most relevant from the pharmacological standpoint are quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, their total amount and mutual ratios, thereby being an unquestionable indicator of the extract authenticity. Therefore, most of the analyses aiming at verifying the authenticity of a given Ginkgo biloba L.-based product boil down to the analysis of these parameters. Counterfeiting involves partial or full replacement of the Ginkgo biloba L. extract (GBE) with a cheaper plant extract of a similar composition, the latter occasionally being enriched with an additional amount of flavonoids, most often quercetin, not originating from the Ginkgo biloba L. plant. The aim of this study was to verify the authenticity and quality of Ginkgo biloba L.-based products circulating on the Croatian market. To that effect, 10 samples of products produced by various manufacturers were analyzed in a certified laboratory. The parameters based on which the authenticity of the preparations was assessed were the shares of aglycones of typical ginkgo flavone glycosides, that is to say, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, and mutual ratios of the established quantities of quercetin to kaempferol as the key clues to unmasking Ginkgo extracts counterfeiting. The amount of ginkgo flavone glycosides was established using high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis proved 80% of the samples analyzed to be conformant to the label statements as regards the total amount of flavone glycosides and their mutual ratios. In 20% of the samples, the ratio of quercetin to kaempferol deviated from normal values; on top of that, the presence of the phytoestrogen genistein, one of the components typically comprised by the Sophora japonica L. plant, was also proven, documenting counterfeiting of the GBE and its replacement by the Sophora japonica L. extracts in the samples under consideration. Due to the untrue label statements descriptive of these products, the information on the presence of pharmacologically active genistein was neglected to be mentioned despite its unfavorable health impact that can be expected in some consumer groups. The results of this study indicated the frequency of counterfeiting the Ginkgo biloba L.-based products found on the Croatian market to be deemed substantial. Therefore, a more rigorous and more thorough control of these products and sanctioning of irresponsible manufacturers and distributers is proposed, so as to contribute to a higher market representation of high-quality products, as well as to avoid health risks and downsize the rate of their counterfeiting. Key words: Ginkgo biloba; Quercetin; Counterfeit drugs; Croatia Ginkgo biloba L. najstarija je biljka na zemlji, a pripravci od njegovih listova i sjemenaka dio su kineske medicine vec vie tisuca godina. Vrstu je 1771. godine otkrio Linnaeus, a ime je dobila od latinskih rijeci bis, tj. dva i lobus zbog specificnog oblika lista. Dananji farmaceutski oblici biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadre uglavnom ekstrakte iz listova ubranih ujesen kada je najveca koncentracija aktivnih komponenata. Suvremenim istraivanjima odreden je kemijski sastav njegovog lista, a utvrdeni su i mehanizmi njegovog pozitivnog djelovanja na reoloka svojstva krvi i ubrzanje njezinog protoka. Visoka cijena i velika popularnost ubrzo su postali poticaj za krivotvorenje ekstrakta biljke Ginkgo biloba L. jeftinijim ekstraktima drugih biljaka. Naime, suvremeni medicinski proizvodi i dodaci prehrani na osnovi biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadre ekstrakte njegovog lista koji se standardiziraju prema njegovim kljucnim farmakoloki aktivnim sastavnicama; najcece je to 22%-27% flavonoid glikozida i 6%-7% terpenskih trilaktona. Kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin su dominantni i farmakoloki najvaniji flavonoidi, a njihova ukupna kolicina i medusobni omjeri nedvojben su pokazatelj autenticnosti ekstrakta. Stoga se i vecina analiza za utvrdivanje ispravnosti proizvoda koji sadre biljku Ginkgo biloba L. temelji na analizi ovih parametara. Krivotvorenja podrazumijevaju djelomicnu ili potpunu zamjenu ektrakta Ginkgo biloba L. nekim jeftinijim biljnim ekstraktom slicnog sastava uz eventualno obogacivanje dodatnom kolicinom flavonoida, najcece kvercetina, koji ne potjecu od biljke Ginkgo biloba L. Svrha ovoga rada bila je provjeriti autenticnost i kakvocu pripravaka Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tritu. Analizirano je ukupno 10 uzoraka razlicitih proizvodaca. Kao pokazatelji njihove ispravnosti odredivani su udjeli aglikona karakteristicnih ginkoflavonoglikozida: kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin te omjeri nadenih kolicina kvercetina i kempferola kao kljucni pokazatelji krivotvorenja ginkgo-ekstrakta. Kolicina ginkoflavonoglikozida odredena je metodom tekucinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti. Analizom je utvrdeno da 80% uzoraka odgovara navodima deklaracije u pogledu ukupne kolicine flavonoglikozida kao i u pogledu njihovog medusobnog omjera. U 20% uzoraka omjer kvercetina i kempferola odstupao je od uobicajenih vrijednosti, a dokazano je i prisustvo fitoestrogena genisteina, jedne od karakteristicnih sastavnica biljke Sophora japonica L., cijim ekstraktom je krivotvoren ginkgo-ekstrakt u analiziranim uzorcima. Zbog neistinite deklaracije na proizvodima koji su sadravali ove ekstrakte izostalo je i obvezno upozorenje o prisutnosti farmakoloki aktivnog genisteina koji moe izazvati neeljene zdravstvene posljedice kod pojedinih skupina potroaca. Rezultati ovoga rada ukazuju na znacajnu pojavnost krivotvorenja proizvoda biljke Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tritu te se zbog toga predlae njihova temeljitija kontrola kao i sankcioniranje neodgovornih proizvodaca i trgovaca, cime bi se doprinijelo vecem udjelu kvalitetnijih proizvoda i izbjegli zdravstveni rizici te smanjila pojavnost prijevare. Kljucne rijeci: Ginkgo biloba; Kvercetin; Krivotvoreni lijekovi; Hrvatska
Med je po definiciji namirnica kojoj se ništa ne smije dodavati niti oduzimati kako bi zadržala svoja izvorna karakteristična svojstva. Podaci Food Fraud networka govore kako je riječ o hrani koja ...podliježe sve češćim prevarama potrošača, odnosno krivotvorenju. Med je specifičnog kemijskog i nutritivnog sastava koji mu daju status visokovrijedne hrane. Taj sastav, osim krivotvorenjem sastojaka, može se ugroziti i njegovim neadekvatnim skladištenjem ili pogrešnom manipulacijom tijekom prerade i prodaje. Cilj je ovoga projekta pratiti promjene osnovnih parametara kvalitete meda kao što su kiselost, elektrovodljivost, aktivnost dijastaze i količina hidroksimetilfurfurala (HMF), koji se mijenjaju s duljinom skladištenja, temperaturom i izloženošću meda Sunčevoj svjetlosti.
Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da različiti uvjeti skladištenja meda povezani s promjenom temperaturnog režima imaju utjecaj na promjenu kvalitete meda. Ukupno je analizirano osam uzoraka meda (pet uzoraka meda bagrema i tri uzorka cvjetnog meda), a dobiveni rezultati prikazuju prosječne vrijednosti svih analiziranih uzoraka. Najveće promjene utvrđene su kod dijastaze i HMF-a. Med je skladišten na temperaturi od –20 °C, 0 °C, 20 °C te na temperaturi od 40 °C i 60 °C. Rezultati ukazuju da izlaganje meda višim temperaturama utječe na smanjenje aktivnosti dijastaze ispod 8DN. Jednako tako, rezultati ukazuju da vrijednosti HMF-a pri visokim temperaturama rastu i ako je izloženost meda visokim temperaturama dulja, vrijednosti HMF-a prelaze maksimalne vrijednosti (40mg/kg). Stoga je od velike važnosti da se pri distribuciji i skladištenju meda vodi računa o izloženosti meda utjecaju direktne svjetlosti i temperature okoliša u kojem se med skladišti kako bi se sačuvale prirodne vrijednosti meda. Potrebno je radi zaštite potrošača med skladištiti izvan dohvata Sunčeve svjetlosti i visokih temperatura, a sve u cilju zaštite zdravlja ljudi.
Ginkgo biloba L. najstarija je biljka na zemlji, a pripravci od njegovih listova i sjemenaka dio su kineske medicine već više tisuća godina. Vrstu je 1771. godine otkrio Linnaeus, a ime je dobila od ...latinskih riječi bis, tj. dva i lobus zbog specifičnog oblika lista. Današnji farmaceutski oblici biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadrže uglavnom ekstrakte iz listova ubranih ujesen kada je najveća koncentracija aktivnih komponenata. Suvremenim istraživanjima određen je kemijski sastav njegovog lista, a utvrđeni su i mehanizmi njegovog pozitivnog djelovanja na reološka svojstva krvi i ubrzanje njezinog protoka. Visoka cijena i velika popularnost ubrzo su postali poticaj za krivotvorenje ekstrakta biljke Ginkgo biloba L. jeftinijim ekstraktima drugih biljaka. Naime, suvremeni medicinski proizvodi i dodaci prehrani na osnovi biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadrže ekstrakte njegovog lista koji se standardiziraju prema njegovim ključnim farmakološki aktivnim sastavnicama; najčešće je to 22%-27% flavonoid glikozida i 6%-7% terpenskih trilaktona. Kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin su dominantni i farmakološki najvažniji flavonoidi, a njihova ukupna količina i međusobni omjeri nedvojben su pokazatelj autentičnosti ekstrakta. Stoga se i većina analiza za utvrđivanje ispravnosti proizvoda koji sadrže biljku Ginkgo biloba L. temelji na analizi ovih parametara. Krivotvorenja podrazumijevaju djelomičnu ili potpunu zamjenu ektrakta Ginkgo biloba L. nekim jeftinijim biljnim ekstraktom sličnog sastava uz eventualno obogaćivanje dodatnom količinom flavonoida, najčešće kvercetina, koji ne potječu od biljke Ginkgo biloba L. Svrha ovoga rada bila je provjeriti autentičnost i kakvoću pripravaka Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tržištu. Analizirano
je ukupno 10 uzoraka različitih proizvođača. Kao pokazatelji njihove ispravnosti određivani su udjeli aglikona karakterističnih
ginkoflavonoglikozida: kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin te omjeri nađenih količina kvercetina i kempferola kao ključni pokazatelji krivotvorenja ginkgo-ekstrakta. Količina ginkoflavonoglikozida određena je metodom tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti. Analizom je utvrđeno da 80% uzoraka odgovara navodima deklaracije u pogledu ukupne količine flavonoglikozida kao i u pogledu njihovog međusobnog omjera. U 20% uzoraka omjer kvercetina i kempferola odstupao je od uobičajenih vrijednosti, a dokazano je i prisustvo fitoestrogena genisteina, jedne od karakterističnih sastavnica biljke Sophora japonica L., čijim ekstraktom je krivotvoren ginkgo-ekstrakt u analiziranim uzorcima. Zbog neistinite deklaracije na proizvodima koji su sadržavali ove ekstrakte izostalo je i obvezno upozorenje o prisutnosti farmakološki aktivnog genisteina koji može izazvati neželjene zdravstvene posljedice kod pojedinih skupina potrošača. Rezultati ovoga rada ukazuju na značajnu pojavnost krivotvorenja proizvoda biljke Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tržištu te se zbog toga predlaže njihova
temeljitija kontrola kao i sankcioniranje neodgovornih proizvođača i trgovaca, čime bi se doprinijelo većem udjelu kvalitetnijih proizvoda i izbjegli zdravstveni rizici te smanjila pojavnost prijevare.
PDF
