U ovom se radu autori bave rukopisom Petra Stankovića „Idee primitive dell’uomo in istato di natura presso tutti i popoli del mondo per conoscere rapporti delle lingue e loro origine”, koji nije ...objavljen te je nepoznat široj znanstvenoj zajednici. Analizira se rječnički dio rukopisa, koji pokazuje da Stankovićev rad nema paralele u dotadašnjoj hrvatskoj leksikografiji, s obzirom na to da se radi o šesnaestojezičnom malom rječniku, i koji je usto specifičan po izboru leksema i njihovoj sistematizaciji. Analiza leksema pokazala je da se Stankovićev izbor temeljio na pretpostavci o postojanju fonda osnovnih, temeljnih civilizacijskih riječi. Autori su pokazali da je Stanković pratio suvremena kretanja i rezultate relevantnih istraživanja na području komparativne filologije. Pogledom u Stankovićevo leksikografsko djelovanje ovaj rad ide u prilog kulturno–povijesnim kao i jezično–povijesnim leksičkim istraživanjima, za kojima je u novije vrijeme prepoznata potreba, a svoj doprinos može naći i u hrvatskim dijalektološkim istraživanjima.
In this paper, the authors deal with Petar Stanković’s manuscript “Idee primitive dell’uomo in istato di natura presso tutti i popoli del mondo per conoscere rapporti delle lingue e loro origine”, which has not yet been published and is thus unknown to the wider scientific community. The dictionary part of the manuscript is analysed, which shows that Stanković’s work has no parallels in the previous Croatian lexicography, given that it is a sixteen-language dictionary, which is also specific in the choice of lexemes and their systematization. The research showed that Stanković in his work used both available lexicographic and literary sources, as well as living native language, where the Romani language also finds its place, then without a systematic lexicographic source. It also showed that Stanković, in the conception of his work, sets himself up supra-nationally, universally and scientifically at a time when national movements are beginning to awaken in Europe. Stanković noticed and documented the ethnic and linguistic diversity of his close surroundings, taking into account Trieste, where all the languages of Europe were spoken at that time. The paper presents tabular representations of Stanković’s data on the number of speakers and languages, as well as those who speak Italian. The analysis of the lexeme showed that Stanković’s choice was based on the assumption of the existence of a fund of basic, fundamental words of civilization, represented in all languages in the beginnings of civilization, which means knowledge of domestic animals and those from home, seasons and basic bodies, and abstract ideas about God. The authors also provide a brief overview of philological comparative research in the early 19th century, showing the extent to which Stanković was versed in contemporary scientific ideas and joined the circle of leading scholars who made a significant step forward in the study of language history by proving the thesis on a common Indo-European proto-language. In addition, Stanković very enthusiastically and a step ahead of his time paid attention to the Romani language from his environment as a living form of ancient Indian, which only confirms that he followed modern trends and results of relevant research in the field of comparative philology. With his dictionary, Stanković points out three features of language as a phenomenon – its complexity, continuity and dynamics.He seeks to penetrate the origin and spirit of language itself, and beyond the relationship of subordination and super-ordination grows a mosaic composed of languages that have a millennial tradition, as well as those that socio-historical circumstances have denied it. Observing the basic words, Stanković tries to reach, or at least contribute to, a critical synthesis in the field of language research. The authors have shown that his approach and method are subject not only to contemporary but also to modern requirements in terms of scientific objectivity and universality, believing that such a dictionary can be seen as a fundamental work offering plenty of material for further philological research. This paper, in view of Stanković’s lexicographical work, supports cultural-historical as well as linguistic-historical lexical research, for which the need has recently been recognized, and which can also find its contribution in Croatian dialectological research.
U ovom se
radu prvi put objavljuju i analiziraju izvorni dokumenti rukopisne ostavštine Petra
Stankovića, koji se čuvaju u Sveučilišnoj knjižnici u Puli u kutiji broj XI, sveščić
45. Riječ je o ...zamolbi kanonika Stankovića upućenoj papi Grguru XVI. godine
1840. kako bi mu se omogućilo da nosi periku ili drugo pokrivalo za glavu, čak
i za vrijeme liturgije. Zahtjev je popraćen papinskom odlukom, napisanom latinskim
jezikom, koja Stankovića ovlašćuje da nosi periku, ali ga istovremeno podsjeća
na važnost crkvene skromnosti. U ovom se radu donosi i popratno pismo,
tadašnjeg tajnika Ureda za latinska pismena Carla Vizzardellija, iz kojeg
proizlazi da zahtjev formuliran u zamolbi nije bio jedini koji je Stanković,
unatoč dodijeljenom privilegiju, poslao. Analiza je pokazala da se u pozadini Stankovićeve
formalne zamolbe zapravo nalazio zahtjev za privilegijem koji premašuje njegov
svećenički stalež. Ovaj je zapravo kratak i jednostavan dokument pokrenuo
složena pitanja u smislu poštivanja ili nepoštivanja strogih pravila i crkvenih
ograničenja. Stanković je iskoristio svoje zdravstveno stanje te je s jedne
strane legitimno tražio privilegij da može nositi periku, no s druge strane,
argument mu je u isto vrijeme dobro poslužio da traži privilegij koji mu se ne
može odobriti. I sam je Stanković bio svjestan te činjenice, zanemarujući
preporuku Carla Vizzardellija, ali nije jasno je li možda prethodno tražio biskupovu
preporuku i bio odbijen ili je uopće nije tražio. Na kraju autori zaključuju da
je kanoniku Stankoviću bilo jako stalo do toga da tijekom euharistije nosi
kalotu, iako je u njegovu slučaju ona bila crne boje.
This paper publishes and analyses for the
first time the original documents of the manuscript legacy of Petar Stanković,
which are kept in the University Library of Pula, in box number XI, volume 45.
T his is a request of Canon Stanković addressed to
Pope Gregory XVI in 1840 to be allowed to wear a wig or other head covering,
even during the liturgy. The request is accompanied by the papal decision,
written in Latin, authorizing Stankovic to wear a wig, but at the same time reminding him of the importance of church modesty.
This paper also includes a cover letter from the then Secretary of the Latin
Letters Office, Carlo Vizzardelli, stating that the request formulated in the
request was not the only one sent by Stanković,
despite the privilege granted. The analysis has shown that in the background of
Stanković's formal request was in fact a demand for a privilege which exceeded
his priestly rank. This rather short and simple document raised complex issues in terms of respecting or disobeying strict rules and
church restrictions. Stanković took advantage of his health condition and, on
the one hand, legitimately sought the privilege of being able to wear a wig,
but on the other hand, the argument at the same time
served him well to seek a privilege that could not be granted to him. Stanković
himself was aware of this fact, ignoring Carlo Vizzardelli's recommendation,
however it is not clear whether he may have previously sought the bishop's
recommendation and had been rejected or he had not
requested one at all. In the end, the authors conclude that Canon Stanković
cared very much about wearing a calotte during the Eucharist, even though in
his case it was black.
In questo scritto, per la prima volta, vengono pubblicati e
analizzati i documenti originali del lascito manoscritto di Pietro Stancovich,
conservati nella Biblioteca Universitaria di Pola nella scatola numero xi, fascicolo 45o. Si tratta
di una richiesta del canonico Stancovich indirizzata a papa Gregorio xvi. dell’anno 1840, per permettergli di
indossare una parrucca o altro copricapo, anche durante la liturgia. La
petizione è accompagnata da una decisione papale, scritta in latino, che
autorizza Stancovich a portare una parrucca, ma allo stesso tempo gli ricorda l’importanza
della modestia ecclesiastica. Viene portata anche una lettera di
accompagnamento, poi dell’allora Segretario d’Ufficio per gli scritti latini,
Carlo Vizzardelli, dalla quale risulta che la richiesta formulata nella domanda
non sia stata l’unica richiesta inviata da Stancovich, a cui veniva concesso un
certo privilegio. L’analisi ha mostrato che sullo sfondo della richiesta
formale di Stancovich c’era in realtà una richiesta di privilegio che superava
il suo stato sacerdotale. Questo documento, essenzialmente breve e semplice, ha
sollevato questioni complesse in termini di conformità o non conformità a
regole rigorose e restrizioni di stato. Stancovich approfittò delle sue
condizioni di salute, e da un lato cercò legittimamente il privilegio per poter
portare la parrucca, ma dall’altro lato, l’argomento nello stesso tempo gli
servì bene per cercare un privilegio che non poteva essergli concesso. Lo
stesso Stancovich era a conoscenza di questo fatto, ignorando la
raccomandazione di Carlo Vizzardelli, ma non è chiaro se possa aver
precedentemente cercato la raccomandazione del vescovo ed è stato respinto, o
non l’ha cercata affatto. Finalmente, gli autori concludono che il canonico
Stancovich si preoccupò assai di indossare un zucchetto durante l’Eucaristia,
sebbene nel suo caso, di colore nero.
U radu se, na korpusu koji čine sve u cijelosti sačuvane Plautove komedije
i fragmenti, istražuje pojava i upotreba umanjenica u latinskom
jeziku – fenomen koji je posvjedočen u svim razdobljima ...njegove književne
povijesti, a u najvećem obilju u Plautovim komedijama. Tvorbeno
Plautove umanjenice pokazuju određenu pravilnost. Njihova pretjerana
cirkulacija u komičkim dijalozima uz značajan gubitak deminutivnoga
značenja naznačuje njihovu semantičku istrošenost i prelazak u stilsku
kategoriju. Ispitivanje njihove tvorbe, upotrebe i značenja, s osvrtom
na druge primjere u latinskom, pružili su tako jasniju sliku o umanjenicama
u latinskom jeziku i fenomenu njihova procvata u pretklasičnom
latinskom.
Il lavoro su un corpus di commedie e frammenti plautini interamente
conservati, esplora la presenza e l’uso dei diminutivi nella lingua latina
– fenomeno rinvenuto in tutte le epoche della sua storia letteraria e,
soprattutto, nelle commedie plautine. Nel sistema di formazione i diminutivi
di Plauto mostrano una certa regolarità. La loro eccessiva circolazione
nei dialoghi comici con una pronunciata perdita di significato
diminutivo indica una possibile perdita di valore semantico nel linguaggio
ed una transizione verso una categoria stilistica. L’esame della loro
formazione, uso e significato, con riferimenti ad altri esempi in latino,
ha fornito così un quadro più chiaro dei diminutivi nella lingua latina e
del fenomeno del loro sviluppo nel latino preclassico.
Planska i sustavna izgradnja Šoderice kao turističkog mjesta započela je 1956. godine osnivanjem Odbora za izgradnju Šoderice. Kako je uređenjem Šoderice broj kupača rastao pokazala se vrlo brzo ...potreba za izgradnjom objekata na Šoderici. Prvotno su objekte gradila razna poduzeća i organizacije, te nekoliko privatnih osoba. Budući da je bilo sve više zainteresiranih privatnih osoba za izgradnju vikend objekata na Šoderici ukazala se potreba već 1967. godine za izradom Generalnog urbanističkog plana turističko-rekreacionog kompleksa Šoderica koji je bio završen i prihvaćen 1970. godine, nakon čega je započeo prvi veliki val izgradnje Šoderice. Drugi veći val izgradnje započeo je poslije 1982. godine kada je izvršeno podruštvljavanje zemljišta, a Šoderica se proširila na tri katastarske općine. Godine 1992. odlučeno je da de donese novi Plana prostornog uređenja Turističkorekreacijskog centra »Šoderica«. O Šoderici kao turističkom mjestu vodilo se puno brige, donesene su odredbe o logorovanjima, čistoći, gospodarenju, otvaranju lokala i popratnih sadržaja, tako da je Šoderica zapravo vrlo brzo postala prava turistička destinacija za stanovnike Koprivnice i okolice, ali i turista iz Bjelovara, Križevaca, pa i Zagreba.
The author deals with the manuscripts and the Arabic biographical sources to show that the Arabic translators and the philosophers used Greek philosophical texts of varying provenience and quality in ...order to understand the philosophical problems they inherited through the Hellenistic system of education. This system, spread throughout the Greek world, was developed and sustained through the web of schools and intellectual centers. In the “wisdom and knowledge” transmitting process between the Greeks and the Arabs the Syrian Christians played the major role. This was the route the Arabs became acquainted with almost all the treatises of Aristotle. The translations which came out of the school of Ḥunain ibn Ishạ̄q show rigorous philological method in establishing a critical Greek text they were based on. In the 10th and the first half of the 11th century a significant group of the Arabic translators and commentatorsgathered around the Christian philosophical school in Baghdad.
The commentaries and critical editions came out of this school were philologically very thorough as they had a number of older and different translation variants of the Greek texts at their disposal. The later philosophers of the Spanish West based their Aristotle reading on those translations. The fact that one philosophical work appears in a number translation variants in different periods of time, as shown on the example of the Metaphysics and the Analytics, tells us about the constant effort to renew and to improve the translations as well as about the response of the readers. Thus the Arabic translations represent a significant material link between the civilisation of Ancient Greece and the Medieval Islamic and Latin world.
The second Punic war is a relatively well-known episode from Roman
history. Reliable, detailed ancient sources such as Livy and Polybius,
however, don’t say much on the topic of Hannibal’s provisions ...from
his native Carthage. One of the questions related to the provisions is
where Hannibal’s elephants came from after the battle of Cannae, as
after traversing the Etrurian swamp Hannibal only had one elephant
left (Livy XXII 2). Immediately after the victory at Cannae Hannibal
sends a delegation requesting logistics and the Carthaginian senate
decides to send him military aid, among which were 4000 Numidians
and 40 elephants (Livy XXIII 11-13). In the meantime, Hannibal penetrates
Campania already accompanied by elephants at the Siege of
Casilinum (Livy XXIII 18).
The authors of this paper believe that Hannibal’s path to Cannae
was part of a premeditated military plan, according to which the
Carthaginian army needed to pick up supplies near Cannae, with the
Liburnians playing an important role in opening channels of communication
and supplies. Several facts support this theory, most importantly
the following:
– one of the few suitable ports that Hannibal could count upon to
be less guarded by the Romans than more northern ports, such
as Ariminum, is found near Cannae;
– an enormous amount of money from Africa is in circulation in
Liburnia right at the time of the war with Hannibal;
It is known that political entities on the eastern coast of the Adriatic
had an anti-Roman political agenda during the time of the second
Punic war, coordinating themselves with Macedonia among others,
which became an ally of Hannibal and with which Rome went to war
in 214 B.C, with which the two Illyrian wars right before and right after
the war with Hannibal are related. The authors believe that the sources
point to a sort of coalition for transport, trade and communication
between Hannibal, the Liburnians and Carthage, which should be
viewed in the context of the operations of the anti-Roman coalition
of political entities on the eastern shores of the Adriatic
Drugi punski rat relativno je dobro poznata epizoda iz rimske povijesti.
Ipak, inače pouzdani, pa i dosta detaljni antički izvori – prije svega Livije
i Polibije – ne govore detaljno o Hanibalovoj komunikaciji i opskrbi iz
matične Kartage. Jedno od pitanja vezanih uz opskrbu je odakle Hanibalu
slonovi nakon bitke kod Kane. Naime, nakon prolaska kroz etrurske
močvare Hanibalu je ostao samo jedan slon (Livije XXII 2). Odmah
nakon pobjede kod Kane, Hanibal u Kartagu šalje izaslanstvo s molbom
za logistiku i kartaški senat mu odluči poslati vojnu pomoć, među ostalim
4000 Numiđana i 40 slonova (Livije XXIII 11-13). U međuvremenu
Hanibal prodire u Kampaniju i tamo već u opsadi Casilinuma ima slonove
(Livije XXIII 18).
Autori članka smatraju da je Hanibalov put jadranskom obalom prema
Kani, nakon bitke kod Trazimenskoga jezera, dio unaprijed smišljenoga
vojnog plana, prema kojem se kartaška vojska trebala opskrbiti upravo
kod Kane, i da su pritom u ostvarivanju komunikacije i opskrbljivanju
značajnu ulogu trebali odigrati Liburni. Tomu u prilog govori nekoliko
činjenica, prije svega ove:
– kod Kane je jedna od rijetkih prikladnih luka za koje je Hanibal
mogao računati da će ih Rimljani manje štititi nego sjevernije
luke, npr. Ariminij;
– na području Liburnije upravo u vrijeme rata s Hanibalom kola
iznimno mnogo afričkoga novca.
Autorice smatraju da izvori upućuju na svojevrstan saveznički transportno-
trgovinsko-komunikacijski odnos između Hanibala, Liburna i
Kartage koji treba dodatno sagledati u kontekstu djelovanja proturimske
koalicije političkih tvorevina na istočnoj obali Jadrana.
The authors of this paper present a hitherto unpublished text ofPetar Stanković, titled Idee primitive dell’Uomo in istato di natura pressotutti i popoli del mondo per conoscere i rapporti delle ...lingue e loro origine,which serves as a treatise or supplement to his brief, annexed sixteenlanguagedictionary. Because the philological work of Petar Stankovićis less known, this paper contributes to its research and also to a betterknowledge of Croatian lexicography in relation to European lexicographyand the general lexicographic tendencies of that time. The introductory partof the paper offers a brief overview of the life and work of Petar Stankovićand a concise description of the contents of the text, while the centralpart of the paper contains Stanković’s text in Italian, which he includesas someone who has experience in exploring the similarities betweenlanguages and questioning the problem of the empirical origin of languageand its connection with objects in the material world. Stanković, in usingthe comparative method is in keeping with contemporary Indo-Europeanresearch. The authors conclude that this treatise should be viewed togetherwith the dictionary as a whole, and placed in the context of languageresearch as a phenomenon, philosophical traditions of the relationship oflanguage and ideas, and especially in the context of linguistic and classicalphilological research in future research.
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