The goal of CMS upgrade projects, both in Phase I and Phase II, is to enhance detector systems to provide the physical performance required for the challenging conditions of high luminosity at the ...HL-LHC. In this second phase of the LHC physics program, the instantaneous luminosity will be increased by 5.0E + 34 cm
−2
s
−1
with the goal to attain an integrated luminosity of about 3000 fb
−1
by the end of 2037. The corresponding mean number of proton–proton interactions (pile-up) per bunch crossing will be 140, with an option to increase it to 200. The installation of the upgraded detector systems, which started in LS2 and was scheduled for completion in LS3, is presently scheduled for end-2025 to end-2028. To enhance the capacity of CMS detectors to separate and precisely measure the products of the most interesting collisions, modernization of the detector is required.
The main areas for the development and modernization of the hadron calorimeter systems (HCAL) of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reviewed. The results of the HCAL upgrade ...performed during the first and second long shutdowns of the LHC (LS1: 2013–2014 and LS2: 2019–2021) and immediate plans for the upgrades scheduled under the Phase 2 program for the third long shutdown of the LHC (LS3: 2025–2027) are discussed.
We present the survey of the main tasks in upgrading the hadron endcap (HE) calorimeters of the CMS experiment at LHC. The results of the HE upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown (2013–2014) and plans ...for upgrade during LHC Extended Year End Technical Stop (December 2016–May 2017) are discussed.
The hadron endcap (HE) calorimeter is one of the major sections of CMS detector, used for measurement of the hadrons energy. Phase1 upgrade of the front-end electronics components in the HE ...calorimeter is being prepared, in particular to improve ability to handle increased pile-up and mitigate radiation damage of optical system in the high eta region. Tests of Phase1 HE Front-end system including new photo-sensors, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), as well as new charge integrator encoder (QIE11) were performed in the Burn-in station in b904 at CERN. In this note, analysis and measurement results for the new generation front-end electronics components are presented.
A sheep single-chain antibody-fragment library (Griffin.1, UK) was used to obtain miniantibodies to the lipopolysaccharide of Herbaspirillum seropedicae Z78. Using electro-optical analysis and ...electron microscopy, we recorded a biospecific interaction of antigenic determinants on the cell surface with phage antibodies against the LPS of H. seropedicae Z78 (mini-AbsLPS). Control experiments were run to rule out nonspecific binding of the mini-AbsLPS to cells of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. Use of the highly specific mini-AbsLPS enabled the lipopolysaccharide of H. seropedicae Z78 to be detected in a mixture of bacterial cells by electro-optical means (analysis time, ∼5 min). This report is the first to show the possibility of rapid detection of Herbaspirillum on the basis of electro-optical analysis coupled with the use of mini-AbsLPS. The results are promising for the development of biosensor-based methods to detect potentially human-harmful prokaryotes whose structures either have not been studied or are absent from commercial databases.
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•A sheep single-chain antibody-fragment library was used to obtain phage antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide of H. seropedicae Z78.•By using electro-optical analysis and electron microscopy, a biospecific interaction of the LPS with the phage antibodies was recorded.•Bacterial cell detection is based on the recording of changes in the EO signal before and after cell interaction with specific phage antibodies.•The sensor recorded interactions of Z78 cells with mini-AbsLPS in a mixture of bacterial cells with a detection limit of 104 cells ml−1, in ~5 min.
Objective
To assess circulating follicular helper T (Tfh)–like CD4+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and determine their relationship to disease activity.
Methods
Blood ...samples from patients with SLE, as well as blood samples from patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and healthy individuals as controls, were analyzed. In all samples, circulating Tfh‐like cells were enumerated by flow cytometry, using, as markers, expression of CXCR5, inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), and programmed death 1 (PD‐1) protein, as well as secretion of interleukin‐21 (IL‐21). The frequency of circulating Tfh‐like cells was compared to that of circulating plasmablasts (CD19+IgD−CD38+). In addition, the possible association of circulating Tfh‐like cells with the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was evaluated.
Results
The subset of circulating Tfh‐like T cells, identified as CXCR5highICOShighPD‐1high, was expanded in the blood of SLE patients compared to controls. Circulating Tfh‐like cells were found to produce IL‐21 and had lower expression of CCR7 as compared to that in circulating CXCR5high central memory T cells, thereby enabling their distinction. Expression of PD‐1, but not ICOS or CXCR5, was significantly elevated in circulating Tfh‐like cells from SLE patients compared to controls. PD‐1 expression among CXCR5high circulating Tfh‐like cells correlated with the SLEDAI, frequency of circulating plasmablasts, and anti–double‐stranded DNA antibody positivity, but not with disease duration or past organ injury; rather, this cell profile appeared to be a reflection of current active disease.
Conclusion
Circulating Tfh‐like cells are associated with disease activity in SLE, suggesting that their presence indicates abnormal homeostasis of T cell–B cell collaboration, with a causal relationship that is central to disease pathogenesis. These findings also suggest that circulating Tfh‐like cells provide a surrogate for aberrant germinal center activity in SLE, and that their PD‐1 expression offers a tool for measuring disease activity and monitoring the response to therapies.
Increasing treatment intensity has improved outcomes for children with neuroblastoma. We performed a pilot study in the Children's Oncology Group to assess the feasibility and toxicity of a tandem ...myeloablative regimen without TBI supported by autologous CD34-selected peripheral blood stem cells. Forty-one patients with high-risk neuroblastoma were enrolled; eight patients did not receive any myeloablative consolidation procedure and seven received only one. Two patients out of 41 (4.9%) experienced transplant-related mortality. CD34 selection was discontinued after subjects were enrolled due to serious viral illness. From the time of study enrollment, the overall 3-year EFS and OS were 44.8 ± 9.6% and 59.2 ± 9.2% (N=41). These results demonstrate that tandem transplantation in the cooperative group setting is feasible and support a randomized comparison of single vs tandem myeloablative consolidation with PBSC support for high-risk neuroblastoma.
In this report the authors describe the epidemiology of craniopharyngioma.
The incidence of craniopharyngioma in the United States was estimated from two population-based cancer registries that ...include brain tumors of benign and borderline malignancy: the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) and the Los Angeles county Cancer Surveillance Program. Information on additional pediatric tumors was available from the Greater Delaware Valley Pediatric Tumor Registry (GDVPTR). The overall incidence of craniopharyngioma was 0.13 per 100,000 person years and did not vary by gender or race. A bimodal distribution by age was noted with peak incidence rates in children (aged 5-14 years) and among older adults (aged 65-74 years in CBTRUS and 50-74 years in Los Angeles county). Survival information was available from GDVPTR and the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a hospital-based reporting system. In the NCDB, the 5-year survival rate was 80% and decreased with older age at diagnosis. Survival is higher among children and has improved in recent years.
Craniopharyngioma is a rare brain tumor of uncertain behavior that occurs at a rate of 1.3 per million person years. Approximately 338 cases of this disease are expected to occur annually in the United States, with 96 occurring in children from 0 to 14 years of age.
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