Allergic diseases are characterized by overactive type 2 immune responses to allergens and immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that follicular helper T (TFH) ...cells, rather than type 2 T‐helper (TH2) cells, play a crucial role in controlling IgE production. However, follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T (TREG) cells resident in B‐cell follicles, restricts TFH cell‐mediated help in extrafollicular antibody production, germinal center (GC) formation, immunoglobulin affinity maturation, and long‐lived, high‐affinity plasma and memory B‐cell differentiation. In mouse models of allergic asthma and food allergy, CXCR5+ TFH cells, not CXCR5− conventional TH2 cells, are needed to support IgE production, otherwise exacerbated by CXCR5+ TFR cell deletion. Upregulation of TFH cell activities, including a skewing toward type 2 TFH (TFH2) and IL‐13 producing TFH (TFH13) phenotypes, and defects in TFR cells have been identified in patients with allergic diseases. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) reinstates the balance between TFH and TFR cells in patients with allergic diseases, resulting in clinical benefits. Collectively, further understanding of TFH and TFR cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases creates opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
Chitosan is a naturally originating product that can be applied in many areas due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxic properties. The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of ...chitosan offers great commercial potential for this product. Nevertheless, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan varies, because this activity is associated with its physicochemical characteristics and depends on the type of microorganism. In this review article, the fundamental properties, modes of antimicrobial action, and antimicrobial effects-related factors of chitosan are discussed. We further summarize how microorganisms genetically respond to chitosan. Finally, applications of chitosan-based biomaterials, such as nanoparticles and films, in combination with current clinical antibiotics or antifungal drugs, are also addressed.
Owing to unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties, MoS2 have received increasing interest in electrochemical water splitting. Herein, few-layered Mo(1-x)WxS2 hollow nanospheres-modified ...Ni3S2 heterostructures are prepared through a facile hydrothermal method to further enhance the electrocatalytic performance of MoS2. The doping of W element optimizes the electronic structure of MoS2@Ni3S2 thus improving the conductivity and charge-transfer ability of MoS2@Ni3S2. In addition, benefitting from the few-layered hollow structure of Mo(1-x)WxS2, the strong electronic interactions between Mo(1-x)WxS2 and Ni3S2 and the hierarchical structure of one-dimensional nanorods and three-dimensional Ni foam, massive active sites and fast ion and charge transportation are obtained. As a result, the optimized Mo(1-x)WxS2@Ni3S2 heterostructure (Mo-W-S-2@Ni3S2) achieves an extremely low overpotential of 98 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction and 285 mV for oxygen evolution reaction at 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline electrolyte. Particularly, using Mo-W-S-2@Ni3S2 heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst, a cell voltage of 1.62 V is required to deliver a 10 mA cm-2 water splitting current density. In addition, the electrode can be maintained at 10 mA cm-2 for at least 50 h, indicating the excellent stability of Mo-W-S-2@Ni3S2 heterostructure. Therefore, this development demonstrates an effective and feasible strategy to prepare highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Molecular ferroelectrics are highly desirable for their easy and environmentally friendly processing, light weight, and mechanical flexibility. We found that diisopropylammonium bromide (DIPAB), a ...molecular crystal processed from aqueous solution, is a ferroelectric with a spontaneous polarization of 23 microcoulombs per square centimeter close to that of barium titanate (BTO), high Curie temperature of 426 kelvin (above that of BTO), large dielectric constant, and low dielectric loss. DIPAB exhibits good piezoelectric response and well-defined ferroelectric domains. These attributes make it a molecular alternative to perovskite ferroelectrics and ferroelectric polymers in sensing, actuation, data storage, electro-optics, and molecular or flexible electronics.
2D MXene, Ti3C2 (TC), has displayed enormous potential in applications in photothermal therapy (PTT), attributing to its biocompatibility and outstanding photothermal conversion capability. However, ...some tumor ablations are difficult to be realized completely by monotherapy due to the essential defects of monotherapy and intricate tumor microenvironment (TME). In this work, the appropriate doped Fe2+ ions are anchored into the layers of 2D ultrathin TC nanosheets (TC NSs) to synthesize a novel multifunctional nanoshell of Fe(II)‐Ti3C2 (FTC) through interlayer electrostatic adsorption. FTC possesses superior photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) than TC NSs, attributing to the enhanced conductivity promoted by interlaminar ferrous ion‐channels. Moreover, Fenton reaction based on ferrous ions endows FTC the abilities of reactive oxide species (ROS) releasing and glutathione (GSH) suppression triggered by near‐infrared (NIR) laser, featuring splendid biocompatibility and curative effect in hypoxic TME. Meanwhile, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responding in FTC reveals the potential as an integrated diagnosis and treatment nanoplatform. FTC could provide new insights into the development of multimoded synergistic nanoplatform for biological applications, especially breaking the shackles of MXenes merely used as a photo‐thermal agent (PTA), adopting it to bioimaging sensor and drug loading.
Near‐infrared (NIR) activated multimodal nanoplatform Fe‐Ti3C2 (FTC) is developed by electrostatic adsorption between Ti3C2 and Fe(II). FTC can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppress glutathione (GSH) under NIR excitation. FTC has the superior photothermal performance than Ti3C2. The ferrous ions also endow FTC the ability to serve as a T1 and T2 dual‐responding magnetic resonance contrast agent.
Introduction
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with high mortality rates and significant pulmonary morbidities. The objective of this study was to delineate the histopathological ...features observed in necropsies of CDH patients and correlate these with their clinical manifestations.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the postmortem findings and corresponding clinical characteristics in eight CDH cases from 2017 to July 2022.
Results
The median survival time was 46 (8–624) hours. Autopsy reports showed that diffuse alveolar damage (congestion and hemorrhage) and hyaline membrane formation were the primary pathological lung changes observed. Notably, despite significant reduction in lung volume, the lung development appeared normal in 50% of the cases, while lobulated deformities were present in three (37.5%) cases. All patients displayed a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and a patent foramen ovale, resulting in increased right ventricle (RV) volume, and myocardial fibers appeared slightly congested and swollen. The pulmonary vessels indicated thickening of the arterial media and adventitia. Lung hypoplasia and diffuse lung damage resulted in impaired gas exchange, while PDA and pulmonary hypertension led to RV failure, subsequent organ dysfunction and ultimately death.
Conclusions
Patients with CDH typically succumb to cardiopulmonary failure, a condition driven by a complex interplay of pathophysiological factors. This complexity accounts for the unpredictable response to currently available vasodilators and ventilation therapies.
Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoenzymes exhibit a piezoelectric polarization, which generates reactive oxygen species to inactivate tumors under ultrasonic strain. However, its therapeutic ...efficiency is far away from satisfactory, due to stackable MoS2, quenching of piezo‐generated charges, and monotherapy. Herein, chitosan‐exfoliated monolayer MoS2 (Ch‐MS) is composited with atomic‐thin MXene, Ti3C2 (TC), to self‐assemble a multimodal nanoplatform, Ti3C2‐Chitosan‐MoS2 (TC@Ch‐MS), for tumor inactivation. TC@Ch‐MS not only inherits piezoelectricity from monolayer MoS2, but also maintains remarkable stability. Intrinsic metallic MXene combines with MoS2 to construct an interfacial Schottky heterojunction, facilitating the separation of electron–hole pairs and endowing TC@Ch‐MS increase‐sensitivity magnetic resonance imaging responding. Schottky interface also leads to peroxidase mimetics with excellent catalytic performance toward H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment under mechanical vibration. TC@Ch‐MS possesses the superior photothermal conversion efficiency than pristine TC under near‐infrared ray illumination, attributed to its enhanced interlaminar conductivity. Meanwhile, TC@Ch‐MS realizes optimized efficiency on tumor apoptosis with immunotherapy. Therefore, TC@Ch‐MS achieves an integrated diagnosis and multimodal treatment nanoplatform, whereas the toxicity to normal tissue cells is negligible. This work may shed fresh light on optimizing the piezoelectric materials in biological applications, and also give prominence to the significance of intrinsic metallicity in MXene.
Piezo‐activated Schottky nanoplatform TC@Ch‐MS is developed by self‐assembling between Ti3C2 and chitosan‐exfoliated monolayer MoS2. TC@Ch‐MS harvests superior reactive oxygen species under ultrasonic excitation, owing to the built‐in Schottky electric field; TC@Ch‐MS has superior photo‐thermal conversion efficiency and PTT performance, owing to the conductive layer constructed by interlayered MoS2; TC@Ch‐MS realizes the immunotherapy upon the synergy of NIR and ultrasound.
Bimetallic Cu–Ag superstructures were successfully fabricated for the first time by using the natural leaves as reducing agent through a facile one-step hydrothermal process. Morphology, structure ...and composition of the Cu–Ag superstructures were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), respectively. The results reveal that the Cu–Ag superstructure is bimetallic nanocomposite constructed by nanoparticles with low Ag content and shows a rough surface and porous flexural algae-like microstructure. By using a three-dimensional nickel foam as the scaffold, a novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Cu–Ag nanocomposites has been fabricated and applied to non-enzymatic glucose detection. The as-prepared Cu–Ag nanocomposites based glucose sensor displays distinctly enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to those obtained with pure Cu nanomaterials prepared with a similar procedure, revealing a synergistic effect of the matrix Cu and the doped Ag. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicate that the Cu–Ag superstructures based glucose sensor displays a fascinating sensitivity up to 7745.7μAmM−1cm−2, outstanding detection limit of 0.08μM and fast amperometric response (<2s) for glucose detection. Furthermore, the sensor also exhibits significant selectivity, excellent stability and reproducibility, as well as attractive feasibility for real sample analysis. Because of its excellent electrochemical performance, low cost and easy preparation, this novel electrode material is a promising candidate in the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensor.
•Cu–Ag superstructure was successfully prepared using the nature leaves as reductant.•The Cu–Ag/NF sensor displays a fascinating sensitivity for glucose oxidation.•The Cu–Ag/NF sensor shows good electrochemical properties towards glucose detection.•The Cu–Ag/NF sensor can be used for real sample with good accuracy and precision.
Background
The contribution of B‐cell subsets and T‐B cell interaction to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) remain poorly understood. This ...study aimed to outline circulating B‐cell signature, the underlying mechanism, and its association with clinical response to AIT in patients with AR.
Methods
IgD/CD27 and CD24/CD38 core gating systems were used to determine frequencies and phenotypes of B cells. Correlations between B cells, T cells, antigen‐specific IgE, and disease severity in AR patients were investigated. Switched memory B cells were co‐cultured with type 2 follicular helper T (Tfh2) cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells. Associations between B‐cell subsets and clinical benefits of AIT were analyzed.
Results
Frequencies and absolute numbers of circulating memory B cells were increased in AR patients. CD23 expression on CD19+CD20+CD27+IgD− switched memory B cells was significantly enhanced and positively correlated with antigen‐specific IgE levels, symptom scores, and Tfh2/Tfr cell ratio in AR patients. Compared with those from healthy controls, Tfh2 cells from AR patients had a greater capacity to induce CD23 expression on switched memory B cells via IL‐4, which was unable to be sufficiently suppressed by AR‐associated Tfr cells with defective IL‐10 expression. CD23 expression on switched memory B cells was downregulated after 12‐month AIT, which positively associated with disease remission in AR patients.
Conclusion
T‐B cell interaction, bridged by CD23 expression particularly on switched memory B cells, may be involved in the disease pathogenesis and mechanism of AIT in patients with AR.
Circulating memory B cells are increased in AR patients. The enhanced expression of CD23 on switched memory B cells correlates with antigen‐specific IgE levels, symptom scores, and allergen immunotherapy efficacy in AR patients. Tfh2 cells from AR patients have a greater capacity to induce CD23 expression on switched memory B cells via IL‐4, which is unable to be sufficiently suppressed by AR‐associated Tfr cells with defective IL‐10 expression.
Abbreviations: AIT, allergen immunotherapy; AR, allergic rhinitis; HC, healthy controls; NSM, nonswitched memory; SM, switched memory; Tfh2, type 2 follicular helper T cells; Tfr, follicular regulatory T cell.
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•Layered P2/P3-KxMnO2 has been prepared by a simple co-precipitation method.•Electrochemical properties of KxMnO2 as cathodes for K-ion battery are explored.•Both the KxMnO2 samples ...exhibits better electrochemical performance.•P3-K0.45MnO2 delivers a high discharge capacity of 128.6 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1.
Manganese-based layered KxMnO2 (x = 0.3 and 0.45) cathodes with P2/P3-type structure for K-ion batteries are prepared through a simple co-precipitation method. It is discovered that the amount of K not only plays an important role in the structure and morphology of the samples, but also has a certain effect on the electrochemical performance. In spite of the same synthesis conditions, the K0.45MnO2 sample displays different structure and smaller particle sizes in comparison with that of the K0.3MnO2 sample. The redox potentials of the two samples are almost the same. Both of them present excellent cycle stability and rate performance when tested as cathodes for K-ion batteries. However, K0.45MnO2 shows slightly better performance than that of K0.3MnO2. It can deliver a reversible specific capacity of 128.6 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 with an average voltage of 2.75 V vs. K/K+. In addition, the K0.45MnO2 exhibits a fast rate performance with a specific capacity of 51.2 mAh g−1 even at 200 mA g−1, which exceeds the performance of some reported metal-based oxide cathodes. These results may provide new insight into developing manganese-based oxides cathode materials for K-ion batteries.
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