People judge the nature of human behaviors based on underlying intentions and possible outcomes. Recent studies have demonstrated a causal role of the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) in ...modulating both intention and intention-based outcome evaluations during social judgments. However, these studies mainly used hypothetical scenarios with socially undesirable contexts (bad/neutral intentions and bad/neutral outcomes), leaving the role of rTPJ in judging good intentions and good outcomes unclear. In the current study, participants were instructed to make goodness judgments as a third party toward the monetary allocations from one proposer to another responder. Critically, in some cases, the initial allocation by the proposer could be reversed by the computer, yielding combinations of good/bad intentions (of the proposer) with good/bad outcomes (for the responder). Anodal (n = 20), cathodal (n = 21), and sham (n = 21) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the rTPJ were randomly assigned to 62 subjects to further examine the effects of stimulation over the rTPJ in modulating intention-based outcome evaluation. Compared to the anodal and sham stimulations, cathodal tDCS over the rTPJ reduced the goodness ratings of good/bad outcomes when the intentions were good, whereas it showed no significant effect on outcome ratings under unknown and bad intentions. Our results provide the first evidence that deactivating the rTPJ modulates outcome evaluation in an intention-dependent fashion, mainly by reducing the goodness rating towards both good/bad outcomes when the intentions are good. Our findings argue for a causal role of the rTPJ in modulating intention-based social judgments and point to nuanced effects of rTPJ modulation.
Perceived partner responsiveness (PPR) refers to the belief that the relational partner knows and is sensitive and supportive. Instead of translating the English version of the Perceived Partner ...Responsiveness Scale (PPRS) into Chinese, this study aimed to construct and analyze the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (C-PPRS). On the one hand, some words in the original scale are inappropriate for the Chinese due to cultural differences. On the other hand, we intended the scale to apply just to persons in romantic relationships, not to friends or roommates. We conducted two studies. In the first study, 441 participants who completed the C-PPRS were randomly divided into two samples for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed in a group of 224 participants who completed the C-PPRS and the Quality of Relationship Index in the second study. The results indicated that the four-factor model (understanding, intimacy, acceptance, and trust) was a feasible representation of the C-PPRS factor structure (chl.sup.2/df = 2.27, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.05) and had robust internal consistency reliability (alpha = 0.90) and concurrent validity (moderately correlated with the Quality of Relationship Index, r = 0.66, p < 0.001). PPR is a concept to understand the psychological manifestations of a person who believes that his or her partner is concerned with core characteristics of the self. The C-PPRS has good psychometric characteristics to evaluate such manifestations and can be applied to future intimacy research.
Knowledge of benthic diatom traits can help understand ecosystem function and guide biodiversity conservation. This is particularly important in rivers on which there are small run-of-river dams, ...which currently receive less attention. These dams generate power by drawing water from upstream and discharging it downstream after a large drop in penstock. We examine 15 functional diatom traits in habitats upstream, surrounding, and downstream of 23 small run-of-river dams in Xiangxi River, China. We compare the effects of these small dams on benthic diatom species traits, and taxonomic and functional diversity, from 90 sites. Dams change local environmental (e.g., channel width, flow velocity, depth) and physicochemical (e.g., dissolved oxygen, water temperature) variables, and a shift in diatom life forms and guilds is apparent, from taxa with strong attachment and low profile in high velocity waters (i.e., H1, H2 and H4) to those with weak attachment or that are planktonic below dams and outlets (i.e., H3 and H5), and towards high profile taxa below dams. Significant differences in biodiversity, particularly in functional richness, redundancy, and evenness, are apparent. Species and functional diversity indices are influenced by physical and chemical environmental factors (especially flow velocity and water depth). We found that diatom functional traits reflect longitudinal changes in flow and ecological condition, and suggest that monitoring such traits could be useful in adjusting flows to minimize ecosystem impacts. To maintain ecological flow and reasonable water depth within rivers we advocate for improved connectivity, carrying capacity and resilience of water ecosystems via a long-term, trait-based understanding of the impacts of small run-of-river dams.
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•Small run-of-river dams affect benthic diatom traits and functional diversity.•Species traits are more sensitive than diversity indexes to the environment.•Small dams filter diatom species traits, especially their life form and guild.•Velocity and depth are the main drivers of taxonomic and functional diversity.
The issue of how to improve the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) in oxide semiconductors has been challenging for more than 20 years. In this work, we report an effective path to substantial ...reduction in thermal conductivity and increment in carrier concentration, and thus a remarkable enhancement in the ZT value is achieved. The ZT value of In2O3 system was enhanced 4-fold by nanostructuing (nano-grains and nano-inclusions) and point defect engineering. The introduction of point defects in In2O3 results in a glass-like thermal conductivity. The lattice thermal conductivity could be reduced by 60%, and extraordinary low lattice thermal conductivity (1.2 W m(-1) K(-1) @ 973 K) below the amorphous limit was achieved. Our work paves a path for enhancing the ZT in oxides by both the nanosturcturing and the point defect engineering for better phonon-glasses and electron-crystal (PGEC) materials.
Blue-light activated long afterglow luminescence phosphors have attracted much attention because of their potential application in many fields. Herein, the influence of trap depth and the quantity of ...electrons captured by the traps on the long afterglow luminescence properties were systematically revealed through a comparative analysis of the long afterglow luminescence performance of the series of Y3Al5-xGaxO12(YAGG):Ce3+, Cr3+ (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) phosphors. To achieve long afterglow luminescence, it requires that the traps can effectively capture electrons, and possess an appropriate trap depth. Additionally, it is discovered that the quantity of electrons captured by the traps is the main factor affecting the duration of long afterglow luminescence. The more electrons are captured, the longer the afterglow lasts. The quantity of trapped electrons is inversely proportional to the energy differences between CBM-Ce5d and trap depth. The sample exhibits the high quantity of trapped electrons attributable to its small energy differences which allows electrons to be directly captured by traps through the tunneling effect. On this basis, the effects of crystal field splitting (εcfs), centroid shift (εc), and the degree of dodecahedral distortion (D (YO)) on trap depth (ET) were discussed to manipulate the trap depth, demonstrating there is a significant positive correlation between εc-εcfs(2(1-10D(YO))) and ET values for the garnet structure A3B2C3O12, when the ion doped at the A-position remains constant and the ions at the B and C positions vary. Notably, A larger D (YO) value corresponds to a deeper trap depth. This study provides a new perspective toward the development and design of long afterglow materials with superior afterglow emission.
•The effect of trap depth and the quantity of trapped electrons in mechanism processes of persistent luminescence properties were systematically demonstrated.•The quantity of trapped electrons is inversely proportional to the energy differences between CBM-Ce5d and trap depth.•A mathematical model is developed to reveal the effects of crystal field splitting (εcfs), centroid shift (εc), and the degree of dodecahedral distortion (D (YO)) on trap depth (ET) to manipulate the trap depth.
As a critical component of the global environment, aquatic ecosystems support a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, invertebrates, plants, and fish ...
Currently, the green and cyan emitting phosphors are indispensable for white LEDs with high color rendering index. However, the phosphors which can be effectively excited by blue light and have ...excellent thermal stability are numbered. Here, a series of new solid solutions of BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al4-xGaxSiO12 (1 ≤ x ≤ 2.5) was successfully synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method. Their crystal structures and fluorescent properties are investigated systematically. BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al4-xGaxSiO12 (1 ≤ x ≤ 2.5) crystallized in the cubic system with the space group Ia3‾d. All the O resides at Wyckoff position 96h. Ba/Lu/Ce (Wyckoff position 24c) and O form a dodecahedron, Al/Ga (Wyckoff position 16a) and O make up an octahedron, Al/Ga/Si (Wyckoff position 24d) and O constitute a tetrahedron. The unit cells are composed by the dodecahedrons, octahedrons and tetrahedrons. It is found that BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al3GaSiO12 and BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al2.5Ga1.5SiO12 have extra-high quantum yield and excellent thermal stability of fluorescence. Their quantum yield excited by 448 nm blue light exceeds 97%. At 150 °C, their emission intensity can remain more than 92% of that at 25 °C. As the temperature rises from 25 to 200 °C, their emission color shifts are very small. The white LED lamp fabricated by using the BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al2.5Ga1.5SiO12 phosphor exhibits outstanding optical properties with Ra = 92.4, CRI = 90.1, CCT = 4593 K and CIE 1931 chromaticity values as (x = 0.3513, y = 0.3221). All the experimental data demonstrates that BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al3GaSiO12 and BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al2.5Ga1.5SiO12 have great application prospects in white LEDs as cyan-green phosphors.
•BaLu1.95Ce0.05Al4-xGaxSiO12 (x = 1.0 and 1.5) are novel cyan-green phosphors.•Their absolute quantum yield excited by 448 nm blue light exceeds 97%.•Their emission intensity at 150 °C can remain more than 92% of that at 25 °C.•They have excellent resistance toward thermal color shifts.
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