•Agronomical biofortification increased Selenium (Se) in Iberian pig diets.•These Se-biofortified diets increased the antioxidant capacity of Iberian pork.•These biofortified diets increased Se in ...meat but not in blood plasma.•Main meat effects persisted for 2 months after biofortified diet withdrawal.•This biofortification was inexpensive, safe and had long-lasting effects.
Due to its valuable high intramuscular fat content and lipid composition, Iberian pork is very prone to rancidity. Selenium (Se) supplementation delays meat post-mortem oxidation, but organic Se reaches tissues more efficiently and durably than the inorganic forms, which may even be toxic at high concentrations. Agronomical Se biofortification (incorporating Se to crops) provides organic Se, is not expensive and is effective and safe for producing animal feed and human food. This study aimed to: (1) Determine the effectiveness of Se-biofortification in triticale crops. (2) Evaluate the use of Se-biofortified triticale grain in Iberian pigs during the pre-finishing vs the pre-finishing + finishing periods to determine the permanence of Se and the effects on pork antioxidant capacity. A 4-ha triticale plot was sprayed with sodium selenate (10 g Se/ha) and a similar, control plot was not sprayed. Treated plot grain had greater Se concentration (430 ± 22 µg Se/kg) than that from the control one (<25 µg). Starting at 7 months of age (m), castrated Iberian pigs were fed with standard concentrate, containing 45 % of triticale, which was standard (Control; Ctrl, n = 10), or the Se-biofortified one (Treated groups; Trt), which were fed until they were 12 m (Se-1; n = 10) or until slaughter time (60 days later; Se-2; n = 10). Blood samples were collected at the end of the finishing period for Se content and metabolic parameters. Pre-slaughter loin and gluteal ultrasonography was performed. Carcass and prime cuts were weighed, and meat samples analyzed for Se content and meat quality (before or after 7-day maturation; d0 or d7 respectively). Meat Se content was greater in Trt vs Ctrl, and greater in Se-2 vs Se-1. Treatment did not affect body weight nor blood Se content, but it increased ultrasonographic subcutaneous fat thickness in Se-1 and triglyceride blood levels in Se-2. Compared with Ctrl, Se-1 and Se-2 had higher pH on d0 and lower L* and b* colors on d7. Cooking losses were lowest for Se-1. Loin TBARS was greatest (more oxidized pork) on d7 in Ctrl. Pork springiness and resilience at 20% compression were greatest for Se-2. These results suggest (for the first time, as far as we know) a great potential for this sustainable strategy to increase meat antioxidant capacity through agronomical Se biofortification for animal feeding and for Iberian pigs in particular, even after a 2-month period of concentrate withdrawal, which is required for montanera-finished (free-ranging, acorn-fed) animals.
Summary Persistent pain is a sequela of several neurological conditions with a primary immune basis, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, diverse forms of injury to ...the peripheral or the central nervous systems—whether traumatic, metabolic, or toxic—result in substantial recruitment and activation of immune cells. This response involves the innate immune system, but evidence also exists of T-lymphocyte recruitment, and in some patient cohorts antibodies to neuronal antigens have been reported. Mediators released by immune cells, such as cytokines, sensitise nociceptive signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Preclinical data suggest an immune pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, but clinical evidence of a central role of the immune system is less clear. An important challenge for the future is to establish to what extent this immune response initiates or maintains neuropathic pain in patients and thus whether it is amenable to therapy.
•A model for heat flow across a nanowire with rectangular cross section is developed based on phonon hydrodynamics with a slip boundary condition.•Asymptotic expressions for the effective thermal ...conductivity of the nanowire are presented and can be readily extended to non-rectangular geometries.•For a fixed cross-sectional area, circular nanowires are shown to be the most efficient transporters of thermal energy, with thin films being the worst.•Theoretical predictions of the effective thermal conductivity are in excellent agreement with experimental measurements.
A mathematical model is presented for thermal transport in nanowires with rectangular cross sections. Expressions for the effective thermal conductivity of the nanowire across a range of temperatures and cross-sectional aspect ratios are obtained by solving the Guyer–Krumhansl hydrodynamic equation for the thermal flux with a slip boundary condition. Our results show that square nanowires transport thermal energy more efficiently than rectangular nanowires due to optimal separation between the boundaries. However, circular nanowires are found to be even more efficient than square nanowires due to the lack of corners in the cross section, which locally reduce the thermal flux and inhibit the conduction of heat. By using a temperature-dependent slip coefficient, we show that the model is able to accurately capture experimental data of the effective thermal conductivity obtained from Si nanowires, demonstrating that phonon hydrodynamics is a powerful framework that can be applied to nanosystems even at room temperature.
Whipping in gaseous flow focusing Blanco-Trejo, S.; Herrada, M.A.; Gañán-Calvo, A.M. ...
International journal of multiphase flow,
September 2020, 2020-09-00, Letnik:
130
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•We describe the whipping instability in gaseous flow focusing.•Whipping instability is explained in terms of the global stability analysis.•We analyze the influence of the geometry on the whipping ...instability.
We study both theoretically and experimentally the whipping instability in axisymmetric gaseous flow focusing realized in a converging-diverging nozzle. The lateral oscillation of both the tapering meniscus and emitted jet is explained in terms of the global linear instability of the lateral mode with the azimuthal number m=1. A comparison with previous experiments shows good agreement. The distance between the feeding capillary and the nozzle neck hardly affects the m=1 stability limit for the conditions considered in those experiments. We analyze the influence of the nozzle shape on the parameter conditions leading to whipping. As the nozzle convergence rate (the inverse of the length over which the diameter reduction takes place) increases, the flow becomes more stable under m=1 perturbations. The above results are in marked contrast with those of the axisymmetric mode m=0. For the axisymmetric mode, the minimum flow rate increases with the nozzle convergence rate, while the capillary-to-neck distance has considerable influence on the jetting-to-dripping transition. We also conduct experiments with different nozzles and capillary-to-neck distances to examine the effect of those factors on the stability of the jetting regime. The experiments allow us to distinguish between absolute whipping, in which both the tapering meniscus and the emitted jet oscillate, and convective whipping, in which the jet oscillates while the meniscus remains practically steady. Absolute whipping is observed for water and 1-cSt silicone oil focused with the nozzle with the smallest convergence rate and capillary-to-neck distance. The increase of the liquid viscosity stabilizes the liquid meniscus, producing the transition from absolute to convective whipping. In the high-viscosity case, the oscillation of the emitted jet far away from the discharge orifice is considerably affected by the shape of the nozzle in front of its neck. In fact, the increase of the convergence rate and capillary-to-neck distance eliminates the convective whipping as well. The reduction of surface tension enhances absolute whipping. We explain the appearance of the two types of whipping in terms of the flow pattern induced by the nozzle shape in front of the neck.
In this paper we study functionally fitted methods based on explicit two step peer formulas. We show that with
s
stages it is possible to get explicit fitted methods for fitting spaces of high ...dimension
2
s
, by proving the existence and uniqueness of such formulas. Then, we obtain particular methods with 2 and 3 stages fitted to trigonometric and exponential spaces of dimension 4 and 6 respectively. By means of several numerical examples we show the performance of the obtained methods, comparing them to fitted Adams–Bashforth–Moulton methods with the same order.
Polarization sensitivity is a major requirement in future cosmic microwave background studies. Even though lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) have already demonstrated a good ...performance in the millimeter range, the typical configuration based on linear meander inductors exhibits a cross polarization up to 30%. In this work, we propose a new configuration of LEKIDs coupled to a microstrip transmission line where the continuous ground plane has been replaced with parallel lines in order to be used as a polarizing grid. Microwave simulations and preliminary experiments show that the polarizer acts as an effective ground plane with no influence in the electromagnetic performance and that the cross polarization can be decreased to 3%.
Extraocular muscles contain two types of muscle fibers according to their innervation pattern: singly innervated muscle fibers (SIFs), similar to most skeletal muscle fibers, and multiply innervated ...muscle fibers (MIFs). Morphological studies have revealed that SIF and MIF motoneurons are segregated anatomically and receive different proportions of certain afferents, suggesting that while SIF motoneurons would participate in the whole repertoire of eye movements, MIF motoneurons would contribute only to slow eye movements and fixations. We have tested that proposal by performing single-unit recordings, in alert behaving cats, of electrophysiologically identified MIF and SIF motoneurons in the abducens nucleus. Our results show that both types of motoneuron discharge in relation to eye position and velocity, displaying a tonic–phasic firing pattern for different types of eye movement (saccades, vestibulo-ocular reflex, vergence) and gaze-holding. However, MIF motoneurons presented an overall reduced firing rate compared with SIF motoneurons, and had significantly lower recruitment threshold and also lower eye position and velocity sensitivities. Accordingly, MIF motoneurons could control mainly gaze in the off-direction, when less force is needed, whereas SIF motoneurons would contribute to increase muscle tension progressively toward the on-direction as more force is required. Anatomically, MIF and SIF motoneurons distributed intermingled within the abducens nucleus, with MIF motoneurons being smaller and having a lesser somatic synaptic coverage. Our data demonstrate the functional participation of both MIF and SIF motoneurons in fixations and slow and phasic eye movements, although their discharge properties indicate a functional segregation.
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