ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: El trabajo analiza los cambios ocurridos recientemente en la forma de organización del agro argentino, teniendo presente el rol que jugará frente al desafío del desarrollo - aún ...pendiente en el país. En él se plantea que actualmente conviven dos modelos de organización productiva. Uno en declinación, basado en una elevada integración vertical de las actividades con poca subcontratación, donde el agricultor es el epicentro del proceso de toma de decisiones; el otro, ascendente, centrado en una densa red de agentes aunados por una multiplicidad de contratos, en el cual se reparten riesgos y se incrementa la interdependencia en la toma de decisiones. En el nuevo modelo - que explica alrededor de 2/3 de la producción agrícola -, se separa la propiedad de la tierra (los terratenientes) de quienes desarrollan las actividades (las empresas de producción), a la vez que se subcontrata parte sustantiva de las operaciones. Esto convalida la fuerte presencia de contratistas y proveedores de insumos como agentes económicos de la red productiva. La nueva forma de organización de "la producción biológica controlada": i) desdibuja las fronteras entre "lo primario", industria y servicios; ii) amplía el conjunto de agentes económicos involucrados en la producción; iii) rebalancea el poder en los procesos de generación y captación de rentas; iv) redistribuye el riesgo; y v) aumenta la vinculación de la actividad con el resto de la economía. Adicionalmente, replantea el sentido y la instrumentación de futuras estrategias-país de inserción externas en pos de captar mayores rentas internacionales y aplicarias al proceso de desarrollo interno. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Recent changes have shacked the traditional way agricultural production in Argentina has been organized. This paper focuses on analyzing them, following a developmental concern regarding the role that the agriculture sector can play. In the paper it is argued that two kinds of production organization models are currently coexisting in the agriculture sector in Argentina. One of them, in steady decline, is the traditional one characterized by a strong vertical integration of the economic activities and in which the farmer is central in the decision making process. The other one, increasing its participation, is network-based in which contracts play a key role in sustaining network relations. The network configuration of the emergent model enables both a greater risk diversification and a less centralized, and more interdependent, decision making process than the traditional one. In addition, the 'new' model, which currently represents two thirds of the total agriculture production, is further characterized by the separation between the agents that owned the land (the land owners) and the ones that perform the economic activity itself (the production firms). At the same time, a significant portion of the activities are subcontracted. Therefore, in the new model subcontractors and suppliers have a strong presence and visibility as nodes of the production network. The new way the 'controlled biologic production' is organized entails that: i) the boundaries between primary activities, industry and services tend to diffuse, ii) the amount of economic agents involved in production increases, iii) power in the rent-generating and rent-capturing processes is rebalanced, iv) risks are redistributed and v) the links between this activity and the rest of the economy get stronger. In addition, this new model leads to a redefinition of the orientation and implementation of the externally oriented strategies that aim to capture higher international rents to use in the local development process.
We analyze mobility changes following the implementation of containment measures aimed at mitigating the spread of COVID-19 in Bogotá, Colombia. We characterize the mobility network before and during ...the pandemic and analyze its evolution and changes between January and July 2020. We then link the observed mobility changes to socioeconomic conditions, estimating a gravity model to assess the effect of socioeconomic conditions on mobility flows. We observe an overall reduction in mobility trends, but the overall connectivity between different areas of the city remains after the lockdown, reflecting the mobility network's resilience. We find that the responses to lockdown policies depend on socioeconomic conditions. Before the pandemic, the population with better socioeconomic conditions shows higher mobility flows. Since the lockdown, mobility presents a general decrease, but the population with worse socioeconomic conditions shows lower decreases in mobility flows. We conclude deriving policy implications.
In the 1990s, China started a process of structural reforms and of trade liberalization, which was followed by the accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. In this paper, we analyze ...trade patterns of Chinese firms for the period 2000-2006, characterized by a notable increase in exports volumes. Theoretically, in a more open economy, firms are expected to move from the production of a set of less-competitive products towards more internationally competitive ones, which implies specialization. We study several stylized facts on the distribution of Chinese firms trade and growth rates, and we analyze whether firms have diversified or specialized their trade patterns between 2000 and 2006. We show that Chinese export patterns are very heterogeneous, that the volatility of growth rates depends on the level of exports, and that volatility is stronger after trade liberalization. Both, diversification in products and destinations have a positive impact on trade growth, but diversification of destinations has a stronger effect. We conclude that the success of Chinese exports is not only due to an increase in the intensive margin, related to the existence of economies of scale, but also due to an increase in the extensive margin, related to the existence of economies of scope.
The Argentine agrifood sector experienced deep changes during the 90's. These transformations can be analysed from different levels ; their complex articulation determines a new productive landscape ...and a new position in international trade and production: at the commercial level, Argentina has liberalised external trade, allowed domestic producers and agrifood enterprises to import their inputs at international prices, promoting the internationalisation of supply chains; at the production level, the permit to grow GMO, soybean in particular, and the deepening of the already diffused zero tillage technique, enabled high increases in production and exports; at the governance level, the arrival of big food and inputs multinational corporations modified the industrial structure, the power relationships within the value chains, and the consequent rent appropriation.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of group therapy to produce psychic change in patients with schizophrenia and other related psychosis. The experience took place in a ...Public Psychiatric Hospital. It involved 96 patients with this condition who entered different groups from 1998 up to the present. During the year 2000, 66 of them were asked to answer a questionnaire especially designed to investigate the changes that they thought they had gone through during this treatment. On one hand, the results show the high valorization of the group appliance, while on the other hand the most valued operational categories were the facilitation of interpersonal links, the valorization of listening and being listened, the recognition of improvement and the recognition of one's own characteristics in the other person. On account of these discoveries, the mechanisms of these group appliances to produce such changes are postulated. In conclusion, group treatment for schizophrenic patients and related psychosis turns out to be useful for producing psychic changes different from those achieved with psychopharmacological agents.
For W. F. D. Fairbairn, the endopsychic situation whose psychogenesis is primitive dissociation, which originates in splitting of the psychic structure of ego and object rather than in repression, is ...no longer simply a psychopathological schema useful to understand the schizoid condition psychoanalytically. Fairbairn's model gives us a technical, theoretical, clinical, and metapsychological instrument to understand and apply to these clinical milestones in severe actual pathologies. For this reason, we teach Fairbairn as "the analyst of borderline patients". Extrapolating to Fairbairn, we proposed to define behaviour psychoanalytically as a bridge that joins an internal object, an external object, and the relationships with both, something we also observe in transference-countertransference. We may interpret behaviour alongside discourse which is essential for borderline and psychotic pathologies. Kernberg has become an important promoter of the ideas of Fairbairn in Argentina.
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