Purpose
Extensive empirical evidence suggests that procedural justice (PJ) and distributive justice (DJ) are key success factors for achieving durable peace negotiations. This paper aims to ...investigate how complexity affects these factors and the outcomes in negotiations.
Design/methodology/approach
The qualitative study is based on an examination of the peace negotiations that led to the 2016 agreement between the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo and the Colombian Government. Based on document analysis, the authors examined in detail how and where in the process the principles of PJ and DJ were applied. The authors then examined the implementation progress after 2016 and placed the peace process in the overall context of the Colombian conflict.
Findings
The authors found that the principles of PJ and DJ were present in both the negotiation process and the agreement. The negotiations were successful and satisfactory solutions could be found for all issues. The complexity of the conflict is reflected in the limited coverage of the peace negotiations. Not all groups, interests and subconflicts could be included in the negotiations. This limits their contribution to a durable peace in Colombia. Conflicts that remain unresolved also have a negative effect on the implementation of the agreement.
Practical implications
For conflict management, this implies that the negotiations should not be viewed as “one-and-done” but rather as a progressive, ongoing process. The agreement is only the nucleus for achieving total peace. It must be actively advanced and defended.
Originality/value
This study offers new qualitative insights into how PJ and DJ function in negotiations. It also establishes a systematic connection between PJ and DJ and complexity, introduces the notion of coverage and, thereby, opens a new perspective on the management of conflict complexity.
The results of high energy simulated experiments where a given hadronic particle impacts on a given target are statistically analyzed. The energy range of the projectiles goes from below the LHC ...scale up to the highest cosmic ray energies. This study was carried out by using the pre- and post-LHC versions of the hadronic interaction models QGSJET, EPOS and SIBYLL. Our analysis indicates that the post-LHC models present smaller differences in various quantities that characterize the secondary particles produced after the hadronic collisions, in comparison with the corresponding differences that are found comparing the respective old (pre-LHC) versions of the hadronic models. However, it is also found that there exist some discrepancies among models that persist even at the LHC energy scale, that call for further theoretical investigation. An additional analysis of the impact that different modeling of hadronic collisions has on air shower development is also included. It consists of a detailed study of the impact of the different pre- and post-LHC versions of the hadronic models considered, for relevant observables like the muon production depth distribution.
All-electron basis sets of quintuple and sextuple zeta valence qualities plus polarization functions (5ZP and 6ZP) for the elements from H to Ar, to be used together with the zero-order regular ...approximation (ZORA), have been developed. To describe electrons distant from the nuclei, diffuse functions were added to the 6ZP non-relativistic set, giving rise to the set designated as augmented 6ZP (A6ZP). A5ZP-ZORA, A6ZP-ZORA, and A6ZP-DKH (Douglas–Kroll–Hess) basis sets were also generated. In order to have a better description of some molecular properties,
d
-symmetry functions with high exponents were added to the ZORA basis sets for the elements of the second-row. Using these basis sets together with the couple cluster method, ionization energies and static mean dipole polarizabilities of some atoms and geometric parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies, atomization energies, and electric dipole moments of a set of molecules were calculated and compared with recommended and experimental values found in the literature. The performances of the ZORA and DKH Hamiltonians were evaluated.
We describe nuclear effects in structure functions of nuclei in DIS by means of a multiplicative factor
β
A
(
x
)
which differentiates the structure function of the bound nucleons from that of the ...free nucleons. Our analysis determines that
β
A
(
x
)
establishes a relation between the quark-gluon dynamics expressed by the bound nucleon structure functions and the nuclear dynamics as described by the well-known semi-empirical Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula. This relation corroborates a connection between the underlying quark-gluon dynamics and the phenomenological nuclear dynamics.
DKH2-B3LYP/DZP–DKH harmonic vibrational frequency and bond length of gold halides (AuX, X=F, Cl, Br, and I).
•A compact all-electron DZP–DKZ set to be used in place of ECP is reported.•Accurate ...B3LYP/DZP–DKZ atomic ionization energies for the fifth-row elements.•The good performance of the DZP+1d-DKH set on spectroscopy constant calculations.
Segmented all-electron contracted double zeta valence plus polarization function (DZP) basis sets for the elements Cs, Ba, La, from Hf to Ir, and from Au to Rn are constructed for using in conjunction with the non-relativistic and Douglas–Kroll–Hess (DKH) Hamiltonians. Using the B3LYP hybrid functional, the performance of the DZP–DKH basis set is assessed for predicting atomic ionization energy as well as spectroscopy constants of some compounds. Despite its compact size, this set demonstrates consistent, efficient, and reliable performance and will be especially useful in calculations of molecular properties that require explicit treatment of the core electrons.
The all-electron contracted Gaussian basis set of double zeta valence quality plus polarization functions (DZP) for the atoms from Rb to Xe is presented. The Douglas-Kroll-Hess (DKH) basis set for ...fourth-row elements is also reported. The original DZP basis set has been recontracted, i.e. the values of the contraction coefficients were re-optimized using the relativistic DKH Hamiltonian. This extends earlier works on segmented contracted DZ basis set for atoms H-Kr. These sets along with ab initio methods were used to calculate ionization energies of some atoms and spectroscopic constants of a sample of molecules and, then, comparison with results obtained with other basis sets was made. It was shown that experimental and benchmark bond lengths and harmonic vibrational frequencies can be reproduced satisfactorily with DZP-DKZ.
•Detecting M. bovis antibodies in cattle sera after a tuberculin skin test (TST) may improve bovine tuberculosis control.•Used as an anamnestic test, the ELISA reported herein had high levels of ...specificity and positive predictive value.•The ELISA fulfilled the World Organization for Animal Health criteria.•This serological ELISA used 15–17 days after a negative TST could be used on dairy farms to improve livestock health.
Programs for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) focus on the tuberculin skin test (TST) and slaughter of reactor cattle. However, the disease remains an animal health concern in several countries and improving the efficiency of the TST has become a critical issue. The detection of Mycobacterium bovis antibodies in serum, within weeks after the TST, may be a rapid and inexpensive way to improve bTB control. This study reports the validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect bovine tuberculosis as an ancillary test to TST in dairy farms in Argentina.
The estimated validation parameters were within the established requirements of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The test demonstrated high repeatability, with coefficients of variation <25%. High test reproducibility through interlaboratory testing was also found, with an estimated Pearson coefficient of 0.9648 (95% confidence intervals 0.9315–0.9820). The ELISA detected tuberculous cattle unidentified by the TST. Of 43 animals sent to slaughterhouses that were ELISA positive 15–17 days after a negative TST, 36 were confirmed as infected with M. bovis by histopathology and IS6110 PCR. According to ROC curve analysis of results of 145 cattle from M. bovis-free herds and the 36 M. bovis-infected cattle, at a corrected optical density cut-off point of 0.3853, specificity was 95.95% and the positive predictive value at this cut-off was 83.72%. The ELISA detection test validated in this study could be readily applied in dairy farms, to complement a prior TST and improve livestock health.
The decomplexification procedure allows one to show mathematically (stricto sensu) the equivalence (isomorphism) between the quantum dynamics of a system with a finite number of basis states and a ...classical dynamics system. This unique way of connecting different dynamics was used in the past to analyze the relationship between the well-known geometric phase present in the quantum evolution discovered by Berry and its generalizations, with their analogs, the Hannay phases, in the classical domain. In here, this analysis is carried out for several quantum hermitian and non-hermitian
PT
-symmetric Hamiltonians and compared with the Hannay phase analysis in their classical isomorphic equivalent systems. As the equivalence ends in the classical domain with oscillator dynamics, we exploit the analogy to propose resonant electric circuits coupled with a gyrator, to reproduce the geometric phase coming from the theoretical solutions, in simulated laboratory experiments.
Magnetic monopoles have been a subject of interest since Dirac established the relation between the existence of monopoles and charge quantization. The intense experimental search carried thus far ...has not met with success. The Large Hadron Collider is reaching energies never achieved before allowing the search for exotic particles in the TeV mass range. In a continuing effort to discover these rare particles we propose here other ways to detect them. We study the observability of monopoles and monopolium, a monopole-antimonopole bound state, at the Large Hadron Collider in the γγ channel for monopole masses in the range 500–1000 GeV. We conclude that LHC is an ideal machine to discover monopoles with masses below 1TeV at present running energies and with 5 fb
−1
of integrated luminosity.
PDF
