Shutting down glucose supply by glucose oxidase (GOx) to starve tumors has been considered to be an attractive strategy in cancerous starvation therapy. Nevertheless, the in vivo applications of ...GOx-based starvation therapy are severely restricted by the poor GOx delivery efficiency and the self-limiting therapeutic effect. Herein, a biomimetic nanoreactor has been fabricated for starvation-activated cancer therapy by encapsulating GOx and prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) in an erythrocyte membrane cloaked metal–organic framework (MOF) nanoparticle (TGZ@eM). The fabricated TGZ@eM nanoreactor can assist the delivery of GOx to tumor cells and then exhaust endogenous glucose and O2 to starve tumors efficiently. Importantly, the resulting tumor hypoxia by GOx-based starvation therapy further initiates the activation of TPZ, which is released from the nanoreactor in the acid lyso/endosome environment, for enhanced colon cancer therapy. More importantly, by integrating the biomimetic surface modification, the immunity-escaping and prolonged blood circulation characteristics endow our nanoreactor dramatically improved cancer targeting ability. The in vitro and in vivo outcomes indicate our biomimetic nanoreactor exhibits a strong synergistic cascade effect for colon cancer therapy in an accurate and facile manner.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis is a promising treatment strategy for malignant neoplasms. However, current systems are highly dependent on oxygen status and/or external stimuli to ...generate ROS, which greatly limit their therapeutic efficacy particularly in hypoxic tumors. Herein, we develop a biomimetic nanoflower based on self-assembly of nanozymes that can catalyze a cascade of intracellular biochemical reactions to produce ROS in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions without any external stimuli. In our formulation, PtCo nanoparticles are firstly synthesized and used to direct the growth of MnO
. By adjusting the ratio of reactants, highly-ordered MnO
@PtCo nanoflowers with excellent catalytic efficiency are obtained, where PtCo behaves as oxidase mimic and MnO
functions as catalase mimic. In this way, the well-defined MnO
@PtCo nanoflowers not only can relieve hypoxic condition but also induce cell apoptosis significantly through ROS-mediated mechanism, thereby resulting in remarkable and specific inhibition of tumor growth.
Owing to better stability and biosafety, heterogeneous Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been put forward as a promising candidate to complete the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) ...reaction. However, the inherent poor activity of Cu(0) deterred its wide bioapplication. Herein, we employed near-infrared (NIR) light to dual-promote the CuAAC reaction of a biocompatible heterogeneous copper nanocatalyst through photodynamic and photothermal effects in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, the photodynamic activity could promote the conversion of Cu(0) to Cu(I) to accelerate the catalytic process of CuAAC. The high photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 50.6%) could increase the local temperature, further promoting the whole reaction. Then, a drastically increased reaction rate in a living system ranging from cells to nematodes was achieved in our system. Meanwhile, the better antitumor efficacy has determined with in vivo tumor therapy experiments.
This research demonstrates the production of mesoporous activated carbon from sargassum fusiforme via physical activation with carbon dioxide. Central composite design was applied to conduct the ...experiments at different levels by altering three operating parameters. Activation temperature (766–934 °C), CO2 flow rate (0.8–2.8 L⋅min−1) and activation time (5–55 min) were the variables examined in this study. The effect of parameters on the specific surface area, total pore volume and burn-out rate of activated carbon was studied, and the influential parameters of methylene blue adsorption value were identified employing analysis of variance. The optimum conditions for maximum methylene blue adsorption value were: activation temperature = 900 °C, activation time = 29.05 min and CO2 flow rate = 1.8 L⋅min−1. The activated carbon produced under optimum conditions was characterized by BET, FTIR and SEM. The adsorption behavior on congo red was studied. The effect of parameters on the adsorbent dosage, temperature, PH and initial congo red concentration was investigated. The adsorption properties of the activated carbon were investigated by kinetics. The equilibrium removal rate and maximum adsorption capacity reaches up to 94.72%, 234 mg⋅g−1, respectively when initial congo red concentration is 200 mg⋅L−1 under adsorbent dosage (0.8 g⋅L−1), temperature (30 °C), PH7.
•Sargassum fusiforme mesoporous activated carbon was used as adsorbent.•Activated carbon of 1329 m2⋅g−1 specific surface area prepared under optimal condition•Up to 98.43% removal of 100 mg⋅L−1 congo red solution was obtained under PH2.•Adsorption capacity of 234 mg⋅g−1 was obtained of 200 mg⋅L−1 congo red solution within 90 min.•Obtaining Pseudo-second order model with a regression coefficient over 0.997
In this paper, we propose an efficient Newton linearized numerical method for the nonlinear time-fractional parabolic equations with distributed delay based on the Galerkin finite element method in ...space and the nonuniform L1 scheme in time. The term of distributed delay is approximated by using the compound trapezoidal formula. For the constructed numerical scheme, we mainly focus on the unconditional convergence and superconvergence without any time–space ratio restrictions, the key of which is the use of fractional discrete Grönwall inequality and time–space error splitting technique. Numerical tests for several biological models, including the fractional single-species population model with distributed delay, the fractional diffusive Nicholson’s blowflies equation with distributed delay, and the fractional diffusive Mackey-Glass equation with distributed delay, are conducted to confirm the theoretical results. Finally, combined with the nonunifom Alikhanov scheme in time and the FEM in space, we extend a higher-order Newton linearized numerical scheme for the nonlinear time-fractional parabolic equations with distributed delay and give some numerical tests for some biological models.
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are indispensable and versatile metal ions that play a pivotal role in regulating cell metabolism, encompassing cell survival, proliferation, migration, and gene expression. ...Aberrant Ca2+ levels are frequently linked to cell dysfunction and a variety of pathological conditions. Therefore, it is essential to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis to coordinate body function. Disrupting the balance of Ca2+ levels has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for various diseases, and there has been extensive research on integrating this approach into nanoplatforms. In this review, the current nanoplatforms that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis for cancer therapy are first discussed, including both direct and indirect approaches to manage Ca2+ overload or inhibit Ca2+ signalling. Then, the applications of these nanoplatforms in targeting different cells to regulate their Ca2+ homeostasis for achieving therapeutic effects in cancer treatment are systematically introduced, including tumour cells and immune cells. Finally, perspectives on the further development of nanoplatforms for regulating Ca2+ homeostasis, identifying scientific limitations and future directions for exploitation are offered.
This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of nanoplatforms that manipulate calcium ions (Ca2+) homeostasis to enhance cancer therapy. It offers a detailed exploration of two Ca2+ regulation strategies employed by these nanoplatforms, including Ca2+ overload and inhibition, and discusses the applications of Ca2+‐related nanomaterials in various cell types, such as cancer cells and immune cells. The paper also presents perspectives on further advancing nanoplatforms for regulating Ca2+ homeostasis, identifying scientific limitations, and outlining future directions for exploration.
Photoimmunotherapy, with spatiotemporal precision and noninvasive property, has provided a novel targeted therapeutic strategy for highly malignant triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, ...their therapeutic effect is severely restricted by the insufficient generation of tumor antigens and the weak activation of immune response, which is caused by the limited tissue penetration of light and complex immunosuppressive microenvironment. To improve the outcomes, herein, mace‐like plasmonic AuPd heterostructures (Au Pd HSs) have been fabricated to boost near‐infrared (NIR) photoimmunotherapy. The plasmonic Au Pd HSs exhibit strong photothermal and photodynamic effects under NIR light irradiation, effectively triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) to activate the immune response. Meanwhile, the spiky surface of Au Pd HSs can also stimulate the maturation of DCs to present these antigens, amplifying the immune response. Ultimately, combining with anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 (α‐PD‐L1) will further reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhance the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), not only eradicating primary TNBC but also completely inhibiting mimetic metastatic TNBC. Overall, the current study opens a new path for the treatment of TNBC through immunotherapy by integrating nanotopology and plasmonic performance.
Mace‐like plasmonic AuPd heterostructures are designed to boost near‐infrared (NIR) photoimmunotherapy, by which Pd spikes on Au nanorod promotes hot electron generation and transfer, generating abundant heat and ROS to inhibit the primary tumor growth. Meanwhile, integration of physical immune activation, photoimmunotherapy, and α‐PD‐L1 can amplify the immune response and reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment to eliminate the distant tumors.
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► Novel PbWO4 microspheres with hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized. ► The morphology and photocatalytic performance of PbWO4 crystals were controlled by pH value in ...preparation. ► PbWO4 microspheres exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity and stability. ► Hierarchical structures and low recombination rate of the e−/h+ pairs enhanced photocatalytic performance.
Novel PbWO4 crystals with different morphologies, 14-faceted polyhedrons, hierarchical microspheres and nanoparticles, were fabricated by adjusting pH value under hydrothermal conditions. The as-prepared PbWO4 samples were characterized by nitrogen-physical adsorption, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The photocatalytic performance of the PbWO4 crystals with different nanostructures in degradation of the acid orange II dye under UV light (365nm) was investigated. The plausible growth mechanisms for PbWO4 crystals with different morphologies were proposed. Photocatalytic tests showed that the performance of PbWO4 crystals strongly depended on their morphologies. PbWO4 microspheres with hierarchical nanostructures prepared under pH 7.0 at 140°C exhibited the highest activity and stability in recycling reaction. The degradation kinetics of dye over PbWO4 crystals was found to conform to the pseudo-first order model. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to the unique hierarchical nanostructures with high surface area and improved surface properties. Moreover, the high crystallinity of PbWO4 microspheres exhibited an enhanced catalytic activity owing to lower recombination rate of photo-generated electron/hole pairs. These novel hierarchical PbWO4 microspheres hold promise in applications of environmental purification.
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