According to the facial feedback hypothesis, people's affective responses can be influenced by their own facial expression (e.g., smiling, pouting), even when their expression did not result from ...their emotional experiences. For example, Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) instructed participants to rate the funniness of cartoons using a pen that they held in their mouth. In line with the facial feedback hypothesis, when participants held the pen with their teeth (inducing a "smile"), they rated the cartoons as funnier than when they held the pen with their lips (inducing a "pout"). This seminal study of the facial feedback hypothesis has not been replicated directly. This Registered Replication Report describes the results of 17 independent direct replications of Study 1 from Strack et al. (1988), all of which followed the same vetted protocol. A meta-analysis of these studies examined the difference in funniness ratings between the "smile" and "pout" conditions. The original Strack et al. (1988) study reported a rating difference of 0.82 units on a 10-point Likert scale. Our meta-analysis revealed a rating difference of 0.03 units with a 95% confidence interval ranging from −0.11 to 0.16.
Abstract
Introduction
Insufficient sleep during military operations is detrimental to cognition, physical performance, and general health outcomes. However, there is evidence of inter-individual ...differences in resilience to sleep loss. Therefore, some Soldiers may be more resilient to the effects of sleep loss than others. This study examined the relationship between sleep duration, resilience, and Soldier well-being during a deployment-readiness training event.
Methods
Seventy-six male Soldiers (aged 25.7±4.0y) from the 75th Ranger Regiment participated while undergoing a two-week training exercise. Surveys were administered at the completion of training and queried subjective measures of sleep duration during training, functional impairment (Walter Reed Functional Impairment Scale), and resilience to sleep loss (Iowa Resilience to Sleepiness Test; iREST). The independent relationships between sleep duration, resilience to sleep loss, and functional impairment were assessed using linear regressions. The interaction between sleep duration and resilience to sleep loss was assessed using SPSS Process (Model 1).
Results
Shorter sleep duration during training predicted higher functional impairment at the end of training (B=-.71, p=.001). Less resilience to sleep loss also predicted higher functional impairment (B=.07,p=.004). An interaction between sleep duration and resilience predicted Soldier impairment (R2 change: .06; F(1,68)=.17,p=.03). Individuals with both shorter sleep duration during training and less resilience had the highest functional impairment. Those with more sleep, and those with high resilience and less sleep, both had lower functional impairment.
Conclusion
This study suggests the iREST can be used as a quick, subjective screening tool to indicate who may be most vulnerable to the effects of sleep loss. Identifying individual resilience to sleep loss may be useful in the military context for prescribing sleep strategies before and during missions in order to enhance Soldier readiness and performance.
Support
Support for this study came from the Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP) of the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC).
Purpose:
Pulmonary functional MRI using inhaled gas contrast agents was previously investigated as a way to identify well-functioning lung in patients with NSCLC who are clinical candidates for ...radiotherapy. Hyperpolarized noble-gas (3He and 129Xe) MRI has also been optimized to measure functional lung information, but for a number of reasons, the clinical translation of this approach to guide radiotherapy planning has been limited. As an alternative, free-breathing pulmonary 1H MRI using clinically available MRI systems and pulse sequences provides a non-contrast-enhanced method to generate both ventilation and perfusion maps. Free-breathing 1H MRI exploits non-rigid registration and Fourier decomposition of MRI signal intensity differences (Bauman et al., MRM, 2009) that may be generated during normal tidal breathing. Here, our objective was to generate free-breathing 1H MRI ventilation and lung function avoidance maps in patients with NSCLC as a way to guide radiation therapy planning.
Methods:
Stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC patients (n=8, 68±9yr) provided written informed consent to a randomized controlled clinical trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02002052) that aimed to compare outcomes related to image-guided versus conventional radiation therapy planning. Hyperpolarized 3He/129Xe and dynamic free tidal-breathing 1H MRI were acquired as previously described (Capaldi et al., Acad Radiol, 2015). Non-rigid registration was performed using the modality-independent-neighbourhood-descriptor (MIND) deformable approach (Heinrich et al., Med Image Anal, 2012). Ventilation-defect-percent (3He:VDPHe, 129Xe:VDPXe, Free-breathing-1H:VDPFB) and the corresponding ventilation maps were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC).
Results:
VDPFB was significantly related to VDPHe (r=.71; p=.04) and VDPXe (r=.80; p=.01) and there were also strong spatial relationships (DSCHe/DSCXe=89±3%/77±11%).
Conclusion:
In this proof of concept study in NSCLC patients, free-breathing 1H MRI ventilation defects were quantitatively and spatially related to inhaled-noble-gas MRI ventilation defects. Free-breathing 1H MRI measures lung function/ventilation that can be used to optimize radiotherapy planning in NSCLC patients.
The Cretaceous to Oligocene detrital record in the southern Eastern Pyrenees is utilized to address the degree to which precursor basin architecture and hyper-extensional rift structures impacted ...subsequent sedimentary provenance and dispersal systems and foreland basin evolution. This study presents new isotopic provenance analysis of detrital zircon UPb and (UTh)/He double-dating, and detrital rutile UPb and trace element geochemistry to track sediment provenance evolution. Late Cretaceous-Paleocene sediments show zircon with dominantly Variscan UPb and Jurassic-Early Cretaceous ZHe cooling ages that are derived from southeastern Catalan Coastal Ranges and eastern Corsica-Sardinia regions, and localized structural inversion along inherited Mesozoic extensional faults and erosional recycling of syn-rift sediments. Eocene deposits have multimodal UPb ages that stratigraphically upsection change to unimodal Variscan ages, with the appearance and upsection increase in Pyrenean ZHe ages, and increase in Variscan aged detrital rutile that record a significant shift in sediment source area to northern sources recording exhumation and unroofing of the Axial Zone Paleozoic basement sources, and development of new ramp-flat style structures in the Southern Pyrenean Zone fold-thrust belt. During the Oligocene, incipient foreland basin deposits were cannibalized and recycled into the foreland basin as thrusting advanced toward the foreland. The Eastern Pyrenean foreland basin records a different provenance history from Central Pyrenean Tremp Basin, suggesting the basins were segmented throughout the Late Cretaceous to Oligocene, while the Ripoll and Ager basins appear to have shared similar source areas. The sediment provenance evolution coupled with Pyrenean fault activity and shortening rates, hinterland exhumation, foreland basin subsidence, and climate proxies presents a detailed dataset to understand these relationships within the Eastern Pyrenean orogenic system and highlight the dominant control precursor basins and structural inheritance has on the subsequent fold-thrust belts and foreland basin evolution.
•New SE Pyrenees detrital zircon UPb, (UTh)/He, and rutile UPb provenance data•L. Cretaceous strata records structural inversion and southern sediment sources.•Paleocene transition to Pyrenean FTB and hinterland shortening and exhumation•Eocene-Oligocene advance of Pyrenean FTB deformation into foreland basin•Provenance data shows no connection among East and West Pyrenean foreland basins.
Longitudinal research supports that suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescence predict maladjustment in young adulthood. Prior research supports links between suicide attempt and aggression, ...perhaps because of a propensity for impulsive behavior in states of high negative affect that underlies both problems. Such vulnerability may increase risk for intimate partner violence and generally poor young adulthood relational adjustment.
A total of 153 men participated in annual assessments from ages 10-32 years and with a romantic partner at three assessments from ages 18-25 years. Multi-method/multi-informant constructs were formed for parent/family risk factors, adolescent psychopathology (e.g. suicide-attempt history, mother-, father-, teacher- and self-reported physical aggression) and young adulthood relational distress (jealousy and low relationship satisfaction) and maladaptive relationship behavior (observed, self- and partner-reported physical and psychological aggression toward a partner, partner-reported injury, official domestic violence arrest records and relationship instability).
Across informants, adolescent aggression was correlated with suicide-attempt history. With few exceptions, aggression and a suicide attempt in adolescence each predicted negative romantic relationship outcomes after controlling for measured confounds. Adolescent aggression predicted young adulthood aggression toward a partner, in part, via relationship dissatisfaction.
Boys' aggression and suicide-attempt history in adolescence each predict poor relationship outcomes, including partner violence, in young adulthood. Findings are consistent with the theory of a trait-like vulnerability, such as impulsive aggression, that undermines adaptation across multiple domains in adolescence and young adulthood. Prevention and intervention approaches can target common causes of diverse public health problems.
Objective: A model was examined in which the association between a parent’s history of abuse and the parent’s own abusive behavior toward his or her children was hypothesized to be mediated by ...parental psychopathology, early childbearing, and consistency of discipline. Additionally, the effect of severity of abuse on the likelihood of becoming abusive was examined.
Method: Participants were 109 parents (G1) and their male children (G2) who were involved in a longitudinal study. The G1 parents reported on their own experiences of abuse when they were children. Ten years later, the G2 youths reported on the G1 parents’ abusive behavior toward them. A number of other factors, including parental socioeconomic status (SES), antisocial behavior, depression and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), consistency of discipline, and the perceived early difficulty of the G2 children were measured.
Results: As reported by their own children, parents who reported having been abused in childhood were significantly more likely to engage in abusive behaviors toward the next generation. Findings indicated that abuse experienced by the parents, as well as consistency of discipline and depression plus PTSD, were predictive of parental abuse of the child. Contrary to hypotheses, the effects were not fully mediated. However, there were significant interactions between parental history of abuse and consistency of discipline, as well as abuse history and depression and PTSD. Parents who had experienced multiple acts of abuse and at least one physical impact were more likely to become abusive than were the other parents.
Conclusions: The implications of these findings for preventive interventions are discussed.
Objectif: On a examiné les expériences de mauvais traitements que des parents auraient vécues en enfance et leur propre comportement abusif envers leur enfant. On a postulé que la psychopathologie du parent, la façon dont il/elle a été élevé(e) en bas âge et la cohérence au niveau de la discipline en sont des facteurs. De plus, on a étudié la probabilité que les abus sérieux en enfance puissent mener à un comportement parental abusif.
Méthode: 109 parents (G1) ont participé à une étude longitudinale ainsi que leurs fils(G2). Ces parents ont décrit leurs propres expériences en tant qu’enfants victimes de mauvais traitements. Dix ans plus tard, leurs fils ont décrit les expériences de mauvais traitements que le parent leur a fait subir. On a mesuré un nombre de facteurs additionnels tels le niveau socio-économique du parent, son comportement antisocial, la dépression, le désordre de stress post-traumatique, la cohérence au niveau de la discipline et les difficultés que les fils ont perçu avoir vécues.
Résultats: Tel que l’ont dévoilé les enfants, les parents abusés en enfance étaient beaucoup plus portés à adopter des comportements abusifs envers leur enfant. L’étude dénote que ces expériences de mauvais traitements, la cohérence au niveau de la discipline, la dépression et le désordre de stress post-traumatique prédisent les agressions envers leur enfant. Contrairement à ce qu’on a postulé, les effets n’étaient pas entièrement sujets à des influences. Cependant, on a noté des liens considérables entre les expériences du parent et la cohérence au niveau de la discipline, ainsi que ces expériences et la dépression et le désordre de stress post-traumatique. Les parents qui ont vécu des agressions multiples et qui en ont subi au moins un effet physique étaient plus portés à adopter des comportements abusifs que les autres parents.
Conclusions: L’article discute de l’importance de ces constats par rapport à la prévention.
Objetivo: Se examinó un modelo con la hipóteis de que la asociación entre la historia de abuso de un padre y la propia conducta de abuso del padre hacia su hijo o hija estaba mediatizada por la psicopatologı́a parental, embarazos tempranos, y consistencia en la disciplina. Además, se examinó el efecto de la severidad del abuso sobre la posibilidad de convertirse en abusador.
Método: Los participantes fueron 109 padres (G1) y sus hijos arones (G2) quienes estaban involucrados en un estudio longitudinal. Los padres G1 reportaron sobre sus propias experiencias de abuso cuando eran niños. Diez años después, los jóvenes G2 reportaron sobre la conducta abusiva de los padres G1 hacia ellos. Se midieron otros factores, incluyendo estatus parental socioeconómico (SES), conducta antisocial, depresión y desorden de Stress Post-traumático (PPTSD), consistencia en la disciplina, y dificultad temprana percibida en los niños G2.
Resultados: De acuerdo a lo reportado por sus propios hijos, los padres que reportaron haber sido abusados en la niñez presentaban significativamente más posibilidad de tener conductas abusivas hacia la próxima generación. Los resultados indicaron que el abuso vivido por los padres, ası́ como la consistencia en la disciplina y la depresión además del PTSD, eran predictores de abuso parental de los hijos. Contrario a las hipótesis, los efectos no estuvieron completamente mediatizados. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron interacciones significativas ente la historia de abuso parental y la consistencia en la disciplina, ası́ como una historia de abuso y depresión y PTSD. Los padres que habı́an vivido la experiencia de múltiples actos de abuso y por lo menos un impacto fı́sico tenı́an mayor probabilidad de convertirse en abusivos que los otros padres.
Conclusiones: Se discutieron las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para las intervenciones de prevención.
Poor effortful control is a key temperamental factor underlying behavioral problems. The bidirectional association of child effortful control with both positive parenting and negative discipline was ...examined from ages approximately 3 to 13-14 years, involving five time points, and using data from parents and children in the Oregon Youth Study-Three Generational Study (N = 318 children from 150 families). Based on a dynamic developmental systems approach, it was hypothesized that there would be concurrent associations between parenting and child effortful control and bidirectional effects across time from each aspect of parenting to effortful control and from effortful control to each aspect of parenting. It was also hypothesized that associations would be more robust in early childhood, from ages 3 to 7 years, and would diminish as indicated by significantly weaker effects at the older ages, 11-12 to 13-14 years. Longitudinal feedback or mediated effects were also tested. The findings supported (a) stability in each construct over multiple developmental periods; (b) concurrent associations, which were significantly weaker at the older ages;
The detrimental effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the benefits of Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) are well established for cancer survivors. ...Increased cancer survival rates necessitate an understanding of how these two paradoxical outcomes, PTSS/PTSD and PTG, are targeted through interventions. This systematic scoping review aims to (a) examine existing evidence on interventions targeting PTSS/PTSD and/or PTG among cancer survivors and (b) identify knowledge gaps to inform future research. Following the six steps of a scoping review, 76 articles met the inclusion criteria. Quantitative articles were examined using descriptive analysis. Frequency counts of the collated data were tabulated into summary tables. Qualitative articles were reviewed using meta-synthesis. Most articles were quantitative (n = 52) and targeted PTG (n = 68) through promising intervention approaches such as psychotherapy, mindfulness, physical activity, and psilocybin-assisted therapy. Three key implications for future research and practice were synthesized: (1) mechanistic considerations for intervention design that provide a roadmap for rigorous and theoretically-grounded research; (2) the need for improved representation of cancer survivors in trials; and (3) potential facilitators of intervention efficacy. Together, these findings can direct future research to optimize interventions to reduce PTSS/PTSD and promote PTG achievement among cancer survivors.
Basic research studies in the past 2 decades have established that conduct problems and antisocial behavior are associated across generations within families. The Fast Track study represents a major ...prevention effort with children showing higher levels of conduct problems in childhood, and the
Rothenberg et al. (2022)
study sheds light on whether this intervention has beneficial effects in the family of procreation. In this commentary, we consider implications of the major finding that such effects were found for women but not for men. We discuss evidence that men’s parenting behavior is influenced by the parenting behavior and overall risk of their women partners, and thus preventive interventions in childhood may have beneficial influences on fathers through mothers.
We conducted a serological study to define correlates of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Compared to those with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, individuals with severe disease exhibited ...elevated virus-neutralizing titers and antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Age and sex played lesser roles. All cases, including asymptomatic individuals, seroconverted by 2 weeks after PCR confirmation. Spike RBD and S2 and neutralizing antibodies remained detectable through 5–7 months after onset, whereas α-N titers diminished. Testing 5,882 members of the local community revealed only 1 sample with seroreactivity to both RBD and S2 that lacked neutralizing antibodies. This fidelity could not be achieved with either RBD or S2 alone. Thus, inclusion of multiple independent assays improved the accuracy of antibody tests in low-seroprevalence communities and revealed differences in antibody kinetics depending on the antigen. We conclude that neutralizing antibodies are stably produced for at least 5–7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Display omitted
•Using independent SARS-CoV-2 antigens improves the specificity of serological assays•Neutralizing and spike-specific antibody production persists for at least 5–7 months•Nucleocapsid antibodies frequently become undetectable by 5–7 months•Antibody production is higher in severe disease than in mild cases
Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 exposures are challenging due to poor positive predictive values. Ripperger et al. show that the combinatorial use of spike receptor binding domain and S2 eliminates almost all false positives. This serological assay is used to show durable antibody production for at least 5–7 months after infection.
PDF
