Quantification of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from agriculture is necessary to prepare the national inventories and to develop the mitigation strategies. Field experiments were conducted during ...2008–2010 at the experimental farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to quantify nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soils under cereals, pulses, millets, and oilseed crops. Total cumulative N2O emissions were significantly different (P>0.05) among the crop types. Emission of N2O as percentage of applied N was the highest in pulses (0.67%) followed by oilseeds (0.55%), millets (0.43%) and cereals (0.40%). The emission increased with increasing rate of N application (r2=0.74, P<0.05). The cumulative flux of CH4 from the rice crop was 28.64±4.40kgha−1, while the mean seasonal integrated flux of CO2 from soils ranged from 3058±236 to 3616±157kgCO2ha−1 under different crops. The global warming potential (GWP) of crops varied between 3053kgCO2eq.ha−1 (pigeon pea) and 3968kgCO2eq.ha−1 (wheat). The carbon equivalent emission (CEE) was least in pigeon pea (833kgCha−1) and largest in wheat (1042kgCha−1). The GWP per unit of economic yield was the highest in pulses and the lowest in cereal crops. The uncertainties in emission values varied from 4.6 to 22.0%. These emission values will be useful in updating the GHGs emission inventory of Indian agriculture.
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•Nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide emission were quantified from soils under cereals, millets, oilseeds, and pulses in northwest India.•The emission of nitrous oxide ranged from 0.57–1.3kgha−1, methane from 27.78–29.50kgha−1 and carbon dioxide from 2377–3910kgha−1.•Emission of nitrous oxide as percent of applied N was highest in pulses (0.67%) followed by oilseeds (0.55%).•Global warming potential (GWP) of soils under different crops ranged from 3053 to 3968kg CO2 ha−1.
•Development and testing of a single strain gage technique for orthotropic materials.•Determined experimentally accurate values of mode I SIFs using the present method.•Experimental demonstration of ...importance of optimal strain gage locations.
This paper presents a robust technique for experimental determination of mode I stress intensity factor in orthotropic materials using only a single strain gage. Theoretical foundation and finite element based analysis leading to the selection of the angular orientation and position of the strain gage for accurate estimation of KI in orthotropic materials is presented here. Applicability of the proposed method has been established through experiments conducted on edge-cracked carbon-epoxy laminates. Results show that the present single strain gage experiments yield accurate values of KI when strain gage locations are selected as per the criteria set by the proposed approach.
Fuzzy rule interpolation (FRI) predicts an accountable outcome of a possible course of action in sparse fuzzy rule base system (FRBS). The geometry based linear fuzzy rule interpolation (GLFRI) is ...extended for multi-dimensional fuzzy rule base interpolation. Expansion/contraction (EC) of triangular, trapezoidal and complex polygonal fuzzy sets has been also proposed which enables the proposed FRI method to incorporate with fuzzy rules which include triangular, trapezoidal, hexagonal or complex fuzzy sets. The study further extends to introduce the process of backward rule base interpolation. It has been shown that the scale and move transformation-based FRI method can yield a non-convex fuzzy consequent which can be avoided by using the proposed method. The proposed method performs better without any risk of obtaining non-convex fuzzy consequent. The efficiency of proposed forward and backward FRI methods is projected with several numerical examples. A detailed comparison of EC transformation with scale and move transformation is also presented here.
Rotational hot Brownian motion Rings, D; Chakraborty, D; Kroy, K
New journal of physics,
05/2012, Letnik:
14, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We establish an effective Markov theory for the rotational Brownian motion of hot nanobeads and nanorods. Compact analytical expressions for the effective temperature and friction are derived from ...the fluctuating hydrodynamic equations of motion. They are verified by comparison with recent measurements and with parallel molecular dynamics simulations over a wide temperature range. This provides unique insights into the physics of hot Brownian motion and an excellent starting point for further experimental tests and applications involving laser-heated nanobeads, nanorods and Janus particles.
Epidemiological evidence implicates excess adipose tissue in increasing cancer risk. Despite a steeply rising global prevalence of obesity, how adiposity contributes to transformation (stage a ...non-tumorigenic cell undergoes to become malignant) is unknown. To determine the factors in adipose tissue that stimulate transformation, we used a novel ex vivo system of visceral adipose tissue (VAT)-condition medium-stimulated epithelial cell growth in soft agar. To extend this system in vivo, we used a murine lipectomy model of ultraviolet light B-induced, VAT-promoted skin tumor formation. We found that VAT from mice and obese human donors stimulated growth in soft agar of non-tumorigenic epithelial cells. The difference in VAT activity was associated with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) levels. Moreover, human and mouse VAT failed to stimulate growth in soft of agar in cells deficient in FGFR-1 (FGF2 receptor). We also demonstrated that circulating levels of FGF2 were associated with non-melanoma tumor formation in vivo. These data implicate FGF2 as a major factor VAT releases to transform epithelial cells-a novel, potential pathway of VAT-enhanced tumorigenesis. Strategies designed to deplete VAT stores of FGF2 or inhibit FGFR-1 in abdominally obese individuals may be important cancer prevention strategies as well as adjuvant therapies for improving outcomes.
Search is a basic activity that is performed routinely in many different tasks. In the context of medical imaging it involves locating lesions in images under conditions of uncertainty regarding the ...number and locations of lesions that may be present. A search model is presented that applies to situations, as in the free-response paradigm, where on each image the number of normal regions that could be mistaken for lesions is unknown, and the number of observer generated localizations of suspicious regions (marks) is unpredictable. The search model is based on a two-stage model that has been proposed in the literature, according to which, at the first stage (the preattentive stage) the observer uses mainly peripheral vision to identify likely lesion candidates, and at the second stage the observer decides (i.e., cognitively evaluates) whether or not to report the candidates. The search model regards the unpredictable numbers of lesion and non-lesion localizations as random variables and models them via appropriate statistical distributions. The model has three parameters quantifying the lesion signal-to-noise ratio, the observer's expertise at rejecting non-lesion locations, and the observer's expertise at finding lesions. A figure-of-merit quantifying the observer's search performance is described. The search model bears a close resemblance to the initial detection and candidate analysis (IDCA) model that has been recently proposed for analysing computer aided detection (CAD) algorithms. The ability to analytically model and quantify the search process would enable more powerful assessment and optimization of performance in these activities, which could be highly significant.
•We studied conservation agriculture (CA) impacts on root water uptake (RWU) by cotton.•Potential transpiration rates under conventional tillage were lower than for CA.•RWU by cotton in the permanent ...broad bed plots with residue was higher than for CA.•Higher RWU under CA was due to better root growth and more radiation interception.•Hydrus-2D can simulate temporal changes in soil water contents.
Although soil conservation practices are being promoted as better environmental protection technologies than traditional farmers’ practice, limited information is available on how these practices affect soil water balance and root water uptake. The root water uptake (RWU) patterns of cotton grown under soil conservation practices and soil water balance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fieldsunder a cotton-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system were analyzed using the Hydrus-2D model. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), permanent narrow beds (PNB), permanent broad beds (PBB), ZT with residue (ZT+R), PNB with residue (PNB+R) and PBB with residue (PBB+R). Results in the third year of the cotton crop indicated that the surface (0–15cm layer) field saturated hydraulic conductivity in both PNB and PBB plots were similar and were significantly higher than in the ZT plots. Computed potential transpiration rates (Trp) under CT were lower than in other treatments, due to less radiation interception and lower Leaf Area Index (LAI). Both PNB and PBB plots had higher Trp and crop yields than CT plots, which were further improved by residue retention. Predicted soil water content (SWC) patterns during the simulation periods of third and fourth years showed strong correlation (R2=0.88, n=105, P<0.001, the root mean square error (RMSE)=0.025, and the average relative error (AVE)=7.5% for the third year and R2=0.81, n=105, P<0.001, RMSE=0.021, and AVE=9% for the fourth year) with the actual field measured SWCs. Cumulative RWU (mm) were in the order: ZT (143)<CT (157)<PNB (163)<ZT+R (174)<PBB (188)<PNB+R (198)<PBB+R (226). Thus, PBB+R and PNB+R practices could be adopted for cotton cultivation, as these enhanced root growth and improved radiation interception and LAI. The Hydrus-2D model may be adopted for managing efficient water use, as it can simulate the temporal changes in SWC and actual transpiration rates of a crop/cropping system.
The mysterious pseudogap (PG) phase of cuprate superconductors has been the subject of intense investigation over the last 30 years, but without a clear agreement about its origin. Owing to a recent ...observation in Raman spectroscopy, of a precursor in the charge channel, on top of the well known fact of a precursor in the superconducting channel, we present here a novel idea: the PG is formed through a Higgs mechanism, where two kinds of preformed pairs, in the particle-particle and particle-hole channels, become entangled through a freezing of their global phase. Remarkably, this entanglement is equivalent to fractionalizing a Cooper pair density wave (PDW) into its elementary parts; the particle-hole pair, giving rise to both density modulations and current modulations, and the particle-particle counterpart, leading to the formation of Cooper pairs. From this perspective, the "fractionalized PDW" becomes the central object around the formation of the pseudogap. The "locking" of phases between the charge and superconducting modes gives a unique explanation for the unusual global phase coherence of short-range charge modulations, observed below Tc on phase sensitive scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A simple microscopic model enables us to estimate the mean-field values of the precursor gaps in each channel and the PG energy scale, and to compare them to the values observed in Raman scattering spectroscopy. We also discuss the possibility of a multiplicity of orders in the PG phase and give an overview of the phase diagram.
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