This study reports survey results of American and Chinese citizens administered to determine the effect of reciprocity and the absence of reciprocity on public support of international climate ...treaties. American and Chinese college students and adults were surveyed about their support for signing an international climate treaty including commitments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, conditional on the other country signing the same treaty or not. This study finds knowledge of other-country non-support on average decreases cooperative behaviour among all age groups in both the US and China. Knowledge of China's support for the treaty is found on average to increase support among American adults, while having no noticeable effect on average support among American college students. Chinese citizens are found to not respond positively to reciprocity. Although not statistically significant at conventional significance levels, knowledge of the US's support is found on average to decrease support among Chinese college students and adults.
Key policy insights
To increase support for international climate treaties, knowledge that another major emitter will sign the treaty does not unanimously increase domestic support.
Knowing the other country will not sign the treaty decreases domestic support for signing an international climate treaty for both Americans and Chinese, relative to not being told about the other country's decision to sign the treaty.
Knowing China will sign an international climate treaty on average increases American adult support for signing the same treaty, while American college student support is unaffected.
Although not statistically significant at conventional significance levels, knowing the US will sign an international climate treaty on average decreases Chinese support for signing the same treaty.
Policy-makers pursuing increased international support of climate treaties by first getting support from countries with substantial historical emissions might deter international support if little attention to fairness concerns is given.
A new lamination scheme is proposed through the design of a graded orthotropic fiber-reinforced composite ply for achieving continuous variations of material properties along the thickness direction ...of laminated composite plates. First, a micro-structure of graded unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite ply is designed and its effective graded elastic properties are estimated using finite element procedure. Next, the new lamination scheme is demonstrated through the conversion of a conventional laminated composite plate (CLCP) into a conventional-graded laminated composite plate (CGLCP) utilizing presently designed graded orthotropic composite ply. The suitability of this conversion/proposed lamination scheme is substantiated through the bending analysis of both the plates (CLCP and CGLCP).
To increase the recovery of fertilizer nitrogen, reduction in the leaching loss of nitrate-N became a major challenge in nitrogen management in soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with maize ...to study the effect of dose of
neem
-leaf dust on transformation of nitrogen and the period of efficacy as nitrification inhibitor in a Vertic Epiaquept. The treatments comprised of
neem
-leaf dust @ 0, 500, 750 and 1000 mg kg
−1
of soil at three frequencies,
e.g
., once at basal (0), in two equal splits at basal and 30 days after sowing and in three equal splits at 0, 30 and 60 days after sowing. Higher values of ammonium-N (7.2–10%) at all stages of sampling in
neem
-leaf treated soil than their corresponding control proved
neem
leaf as an effective nitrification inhibitor. Barring few exceptions, transformation/decrease in amino acid-, hexosamine-, total hydrolysable- and total-N was governed by the rate and frequency of
neem
-leaf dust application. Irrespective of dose and frequency of
neem
-leaf application there was a net build up of total non-hydrolysable-N. Both dose and frequency of
neem
-leaf dust application independently had a significant positive impact on dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake by maize. Application of
neem
-leaf dust at the rate of 600 mg kg
−1
of soil in two equal splits was found to be the best combination for dry matter production as well as nitrogen nutrition of maize.
•A strain gage method for determination of SIF of V-notched bodies is developed.•Experimental verification of single gage technique is presented.•Theory for appropriate strain gage locations is also ...proposed and demonstrated.•Dependence of gage locations on the size of the configuration is demonstrated.
A simple and robust single strain gage technique for accurate measurement of mode I notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) for sharp V-notched configurations has been proposed. The technique is supported by strong theoretical foundation, and it allows the strain gage to be placed reasonably away from the notch tip thus avoiding various problems associated with singularities. Importantly, in contrast to the available techniques, the present strain gage technique also prescribes proper radial locations (optimal locations) for the strain gage which are extremely useful in accurate measurement of NSIFs. A general theory and procedure has been developed for the estimation of these gage locations a priori for any given sharp V-notched configuration. These locations are shown to be dependent on the notch angle and notch length to width ratio. Experiments have been conducted using linear strain gages of 1 mm gage length and the results show that accurate NSIFs can be measured using the proposed single strain gage technique. The numerical results of the present investigation clearly show that very accurate (of the order of less than 1% error) mode I NSIF can be measured using the proposed single strain gage technique if the gages are placed at the optimal locations. The present results also demonstrate that highly inaccurate (of the order of 45% error) and unacceptable NSIFs would result if the gages are placed at non-optimal gage locations.
The present work aims to investigate the effect of adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to epoxy on enhancing the resistance to growth of an existing embedded delamination in post-impact loading in a ...carbon/CNT + epoxy laminate. 3D finite element analyses are performed to determine the interlaminar stresses and strain energy release rate components at the elliptical delamination front which is elliptical using Irwin’s crack closure integral. Results show that a significant increase in resistance to growth of embedded elliptical delamination could be achieved by mixing CNTs to epoxy limited to a specific weight percentage of CNTs only.
•A strain gage technique for KI determination in orthotropic materials is proposed.•Need for optimal gage locations for accurate KI values is addressed.•A parameter rmax is proposed to assess the ...optimal gage locations.•A procedure is proposed for computation of rmax of any composite specimen.•Proposed approaches shown to be giving accurate values of KI.
The present work proposes a new single strain gage technique for the accurate determination of mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) in orthotropic composite materials. This work also aims at showing the existence of valid or optimal gage locations for the accurate determination of SIFs in orthotropic composites. Accordingly, a finite element based general approach is developed for the estimation of such optimal gage locations. Results of numerical examples show that the proposed strain gage technique can yield highly accurate value of SIF for orthotropic laminates when the gage is placed within the valid locations.
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