Hyaluronic acid (HA), is a glycosaminoglycan comprised of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid. HA is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases and reaches sizes in ...excess of 2MDa. It plays numerous roles in normal tissues but also has been implicated in inflammatory processes, multiple drug resistance, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, water homeostasis, and altered viscoelasticity of extracellular matrix. The physicochemical properties of HA including its solubility and the availability of reactive functional groups facilitate chemical modifications on HA, which makes it a biocompatible material for use in tissue regeneration. HA-based biomaterials and bioscaffolds do not trigger allergies or inflammation and are hydrophilic which make them popular as injectable dermal and soft tissue fillers. They are manufactured in different forms including hydrogels, tubes, sheets and meshes. Here, we review the pathophysiological and pharmacological properties and the clinical uses of native and modified HA. The review highlights the therapeutic applications of HA-based bioscaffolds in organ-specific tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
The present study was aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of Curcuma longa L. essential oil (CLEO) against the growth and zearalenone (ZEA) production of Fusarium graminearum. Chemical ...profiling of CLEO was carried out by GC-FID analysis and major compound was ar-turmerone (53.10%). Antifungal activity of CLEO was assessed by using micro-well dilution method, and minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined as 2450 and 3300 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, ROS played a major role in antifungal activity as evidenced by reactive oxygen species estimation from CLEO treated fungal cultures. Further, Scanning electron microscopy observations were carried at MIC and MFC concentrations. Results indicated that, CLEO significantly affected the morphology of mycelia and spore structures compared to untreated control culture. Effects of CLEO on fungal biomass as well as ZEA production were assessed by dry-weight and UHPLC analysis, respectively. Results indicated that, fungal biomass and zearalenone production was completely inhibited at 3500 and 3000 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the study conclude that, CLEO may find a potential application in the food industry to control the fungal infestation and ZEA contamination.
•GC–MS analysis of Curcuma longa essential oil (CLEO) revealed presence of 35 compounds.•ABTS and DPPH antioxidant activities of CLEO were 48.35 and 33.81 μg/mL.•MIC and MFC values of CLEO on Fusarium graminearum were determined as 2450 and 3300 μg/mL.•CLEO inhibited fungal biomass and zearalenone production at 3500 and 3000 μg/mL.•CLEO showed antifungal activity through ROS induced apoptotic cell death.
In the present study, activated carbon (AC) was derived from seed shells of
and applied to decontaminate the zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxin. The AC of
(ACJC) was prepared by ZnCl
chemical activation ...method and its crystalline structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystalline graphitic nature of ACJC was confirmed from the Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope showed the porous surface morphology of the ACJC surface with high pore density and presence of elemental carbon was identified from the energy dispersive X-ray analysis. From Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, S
, micropore area, and average pore diameter of ACJC were calculated as 822.78 (m
/g), 255.36 (m
/g), and 8.5980 (Å), respectively. The adsorption of ZEA by ACJC was accomplished with varying contact time, concentration of ZEA and ACJC, and pH of media. The ACJC has adsorbed the ZEA over a short period of time and adsorption of ZEA was dependent on the dose of ACJC. The effect of different pH on adsorption of ZEA by ACJC was not much effective. Desorption studies confirmed that adsorption of ZEA by ACJC was stable. The adsorption isotherm of ZEA by ACJC was well fitted with Langmuir model rather than Freundlich and concluded the homogeneous process of sorption. The maximum adsorption of ZEA by ACJC was detected as 23.14 μg/mg. Finally, adsorption property of ACJC was utilized to establish ACJC as an antidote against ZEA-induced toxicity under
in neuro-2a cells. The percentage of live cells was high in cells treated together with a combination of ZEA and ACJC compared to ZEA treated cells. In a similar way, ΔΨ
was not dropped in cells exposed to combination of ACJC and ZEA compared to ZEA treated cells. Furthermore, cells treated with a combination of ZEA and ACJC exhibited lower level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 compared to ZEA treated cells. These
studies concluded that ACJC has successfully protected the cells from ZEA-induced toxicity by lowering the availability of ZEA in media as a result of adsorption of ZEA. The study concluded that ACJC was a potent decontaminating agent for ZEA and could be used as an antidote against ZEA-induced toxicity.
The present study focused on phytofabrication of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from
extract and exploration of their multi-biofunctional features. Total phenolics and flavonoids of
fruit extract ...were determined as 23.30 ± 1.88 mg gallic acid equivalents and 19.21 ± 0.44 mg quercetin equivalents per gram, respectively, which suggested that
fruit extract could be a competitive reducing and stabilizing agent during phytofabrication of nanoparticles. UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of SeNPs from sodium selenite, which could be related to the reducing and stabilizing activities of
fruit extract. The SeNPs were found to be stable with a Zeta potential of -32 mV. The average hydrodynamic size of SeNPs was found as 159 nm by dynamic light scattering. The SeNPs showed a broader XRD pattern with no sharp Bragg's peaks and found to be amorphous. SEM showed that SeNPs were spherical in shape and EDX pattern showed that SeNPs were made up of Se (71.81%), C (11.41%), and O (14.88%). The HR-TEM picture showed that SeNPs were spherical in morphology and have a size range of 101-137 nm. The SeNPs exhibited potent antioxidant activity and their EC
values (effective concentration required to inhibit 50% of radicals) were 45.65 ± 2.01 and 43.06 ± 3.80 μg/ml in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The antimicrobial action of SeNPs was found as a broad spectrum and suppressed microbial pathogens in ascending order: fungi > Gram-positive bacteria > Gram-negative bacteria. The SeNPs have been demonstrated to reduce the growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) of mycotoxigenic
and
at 40 μg/ml in broth culture, which is noteworthy. The SeNPs reduced cancer cell proliferation (RAW 264.7, Caco-2, MCF-7, and IMR-32) more preferentially than normal cells (Vero), found to be highly biocompatible. Lower doses of SeNPs (up to 50 μg/ml) were shown to be less toxic and did not cause death in
(zebrafish) embryos, implying that lower doses of SeNPs could be beneficial for biological purposes. The present study concluded that phytofabricated SeNPs have multiple biofunctional properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimycotoxin, and anticancer activities, as well as high biocompatibility.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is Fusarium mycotoxin that is frequently found in many cereal-based foods, and its ingestion has a deleterious impact on human health. In this investigation, we studied the ...mechanism of DON-induced neurotoxicity and followed by cytoprotective efficacy of quercetin (QUE) in contradiction of DON-induced neurotoxicity through assessing the oxidative stress and apoptotic demise in the human neuronal model, i.e. SH-SY5Y cells. DON diminished the proliferation of cells in the manner of dose and time-dependent as revealed by cell viability investigations, i.e. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Additional studies, such as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, cell cycle, and neuronal biomarkers (amino acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) demonstrated that DON induces apoptotic demise in neuronal cells through oxidative stress intermediaries. On another hand, pre-treatment of neuronal cells with 1 mM of quercetin (QUE) showed decent viability upon exposure to 100 µM of DON. In detailed studies demonstrated that QUE (1 mM) pre-treated cells show strong attenuation efficiency against DON-induced ROS generation, LPO, MMP loss, DNA impairment, cell cycle arrest, and down-regulation of neuronal biomarkers. The consequences of the investigation concluded that QUE mitigates the DON-induced stress viz., decreased ROS production and LPO generation, upholding MMP and DNA integrity and regulation of neuronal biomarker gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells.
Plant microbiome confers versatile functional roles to enhance survival fitness as well as productivity. In the present study two pearl millet panicle microbiome member species Bacillus subtilis PBs ...12 and Bacillus paralicheniformis PBl 36 found to have beneficial traits including plant growth promotion and broad-spectrum antifungal activity towards taxonomically diverse plant pathogens. Understanding the genomes will assist in devising a bioformulation for crop protection while exploiting their beneficial functional roles.
Two potential firmicute species were isolated from pearl millet panicles. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization revealed their identities as Bacillus subtilis PBs 12 and Bacillus paralicheniformis PBl 36. The seed priming assays revealed the ability of both species to enhance plant growth promotion and seedling vigour index. Invitro assays with PBs 12 and PBl 36 showed the antibiosis effect against taxonomically diverse plant pathogens (Magnaporthe grisea; Sclerotium rolfsii; Fusarium solani; Alternaria alternata; Ganoderma sp.) of crops and multipurpose tree species. The whole genome sequence analysis was performed to unveil the genetic potential of these bacteria for plant protection. The complete genomes of PBs 12 and PBl 36 consist of a single circular chromosome with a size of 4.02 and 4.33 Mb and 4,171 and 4,606 genes, with a G + C content of 43.68 and 45.83%, respectively. Comparative Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis revealed a close similarity of PBs 12 and PBl 36 with other beneficial strains of B. subtilis and B. paralicheniformis and found distant from B. altitudinis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. thuringiensis. Functional annotation revealed a majority of pathway classes of PBs 12 (30) and PBl 36 (29) involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides, followed by xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism (21). Furthermore, 14 genomic regions of PBs 12 and 15 of PBl 36 associated with the synthesis of RiPP (Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides), terpenes, cyclic dipeptides (CDPs), type III polyketide synthases (T3PKSs), sactipeptides, lanthipeptides, siderophores, NRPS (Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase), NRP-metallophone, etc. It was discovered that these areas contain between 25,458 and 33,000 secondary metabolite-coding MiBiG clusters which code for a wide range of products, such as antibiotics. The PCR-based screening for the presence of antimicrobial peptide (cyclic lipopeptide) genes in PBs 12 and 36 confirmed their broad-spectrum antifungal potential with the presence of spoVG, bacA, and srfAA AMP genes, which encode antimicrobial compounds such as subtilin, bacylisin, and surfactin.
The combined in vitro studies and genome analysis highlighted the antifungal potential of pearl millet panicle-associated Bacillus subtilis PBs12 and Bacillus paralicheniformis PBl36. The genetic ability to synthesize several antimicrobial compounds indicated the industrial value of PBs 12 and PBl 36, which shed light on further studies to establish their action as a biostimulant for crop protection.
Resistant Starch (RS), plays a crucial role in human health and nutrition by controlling glucose metabolism. RS or dietary fibre content in rice is low because it goes through a variety of process ...before it is ready for cooking and consumption. Hence, this study was carried out to develop a rice mutant with increased RS. The rice mutant (γ278) with increased RS was developed by utilizing gamma (γ) rays as a mutagen. Mutant γ278 was characterized for mutations in the starch biosynthetic genes
viz
.,
GBSSI, SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, SBEIa
, and
SBEIIb
to reveal the functional mutations/variations led to high RS content in rice. A total of 31 sequence variants/mutations in six genes were identified. We report the discovery of three deleterious mutation/variants each in
GBSSI, SSIIa
, and
SSIIIa
with the potential to increase RS content in rice. Further,
wild
×
mutant
crosses were made to develop an F
2
population to study the effect of combination of deleterious mutations. The SNP (
GBSSI
:
ssIIa
:
ssIIIa
) combination responsible for high RS content in F
2
population was identified and recorded highest amylose content (AC) (26.18%) and RS (8.68%) content. In conclusion, this marker combination will be highly useful to develop a rice variety with increased RS.
Nowadays, contamination of agricultural commodities with fungi and their mycotoxins is one of the most annoying with regard to food safety and pose serious health risk. Therefore, there is a ...requisite to propose suitable mitigation strategies to reduce the contamination of fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural commodities. In the present study, combinational inhibitory effect of
L. essential oil (HSEO) and radiation was established on growth rate, production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) by
in maize grains. The HSEO was obtained from rhizomes by hydrodistillation technique and chemical composition was revealed by GC-MS analysis. A total of 48 compounds were identified and major compounds were 1,8-cineole (23.15%), linalool (12.82%), and β-pinene (10.06%). The discrete treatments of HSEO and radiation were effective in reducing the fungal growth rate and mycotoxins content, and the complete reduction was noticed at 3.15 mg/g of HSEO and 6 kGy of radiation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the combinational inhibitory effect of HSEO and radiation treatments on fungal growth rate and mycotoxins content. A total of 13 experiments were designed with distinct doses of HSEO and radiation by central composite design (CCD) of Stat-Ease Design-Expert software. In combinational approach, complete reductions of fungal growth, DON, and ZEA content were noticed at 1.89 mg/g of HSEO and 4.12 kGy of radiation treatments. The optimized design concluded that combinational treatments of HSEO and radiation were much more effective in reducing the fungal growth and mycotoxins content compared to their discrete treatments (
< 0.05). Responses of the design were assessed by second-order polynomial regression analysis and found that quadratic model was well fitted. The optimized design has larger
-value and adequate precision, smaller
-value, decent regression coefficients (
) and found statistically significant (
< 0.05). In addition, correlation matrix, normal plot residuals, Box-Cox, and actual vs. predicted plots were endorsed that optimized design was accurate and appropriate. The proposed combinational decontamination technique could be highly applicable in agriculture and food industry to safeguard the food and feed products from fungi and mycotoxins.
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