Human skin serves as a multifunctional organ with remarkable properties, such as sensation, protection, regulation, and mechanical stretchability. The mimicry of skin's multifunctionalities via ...various nanomaterials has become an emerging topic. 2D materials have attracted much interest in the field of skin mimicry due to unique physiochemical properties. Herein, recent developments of using various 2D materials to mimic skin's sensing, protecting, and regulating capabilities are summarized. Next, to endow high stretchability to 2D materials, the approaches for fabrication of stretchable bilayer structures by integrating higher dimensional 2D materials onto soft elastomeric substrates are introduced. Accordion‐like 2D material structures can elongate with elastomers and undergo programmed folding/unfolding processes to mimic skin's stretchability. That stretchable 2D material devices can achieve effective tactile sensing and protecting capabilities under large deformation is then highlighted. Finally, multiple key directions and existing challenges for future development are discussed.
Progress in the use of various 2D materials to mimic skin's sensing, protecting, and regulating capabilities has been demonstrated in recent studies. Two important strategies to fabricate stretchable 2D material architectures are highlighted, including deposition on prestretched elastomer and back‐infiltration of elastomeric liquid. The accordion‐like 2D material structures can elongate with elastomers and undergo programmed folding/unfolding processes to mimic skin's stretchability.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in hand movements in various application fields. However, the human hand is too dexterous and only has limited space. Developing a proper method ...to monitor and capture hand motion is meaningful. Conventionally, an optical measurement method is widely used to capture hand gestures. Nevertheless, this method is costly and has the problem of line-of-sight shielding. In this paper, a sensor fusion algorithm is proposed to calculate a more accurate result by calculating acceleration, magnetic field strength, and angular speed from the inertial measurement unit (IMU). The core concept of this algorithm is based on the idea of feedback control. To validate the performance, the active rotary platform is set up to compare the measured results to the references directly. Most of the error results are less than 3°, and the standard deviations are less than 1°. The measurement results ensure the feasibility of the inertial measurement method with the sensor fusion algorithm proposed in this paper.
AlphaFold2 is a promising new tool for researchers to predict protein structures and generate high‐quality models, with low backbone and global root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) when compared with ...experimental structures. However, it is unclear if the structures predicted by AlphaFold2 will be valuable targets of docking. To address this question, we redocked ligands in the PDBbind datasets against the experimental co‐crystallized receptor structures and against the AlphaFold2 structures using AutoDock‐GPU. We find that the quality measure provided during structure prediction is not a good predictor of docking performance, despite accurately reflecting the quality of the alpha carbon alignment with experimental structures. Removing low‐confidence regions of the predicted structure and making side chains flexible improves the docking outcomes. Overall, despite high‐quality prediction of backbone conformation, fine structural details limit the naive application of AlphaFold2 models as docking targets.
This work investigates the abnormal phenomena that are observed in electrical characteristics under negative bias stress (NBS) in flexible p-channel low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film ...transistors (p-channel LTPS TFTs) after TFTs being lifted off from a rigid substrate. During the lift-off process, mechanical strain accumulates in the buffer layer due to the unilateral force, thus resulting in the generation of defects in the buffer layer. Therefore, abnormal degradation behaviors in electrical characteristics of the lifted-off TFTs were observed during negative gate bias stress. A study on physical mechanisms is introduced to describe such abnormal phenomena, and it is confirmed that defects are produced in the buffer layer when the LTPS TFTs are lifted off. In addition, different device dimensions were discussed to support our proposed model. The findings in this work are supported by the discussion of electrical characteristics, trap state extraction, and COMSOL simulation.
The heavy dependence on petroleum-derived fuel has raised concerns about energy sustainability and climate change, which have prompted researchers to explore fuel production from renewable sources. ...1-Butanol and isobutanol are promising biofuels that have favorable properties and can also serve as solvents or chemical feedstocks. Microbial production of these alcohols provides great opportunities to access a wide spectrum of renewable resources. In recent years, research has improved the native 1-butanol production and has engineered isobutanol production in various organisms to explore metabolic diversity and a broad range of substrates. This review focuses on progress in metabolic engineering for the production of these two compounds using various resources.
Microbial production of 1-butanol and isobutanol has shown significant progress.
In this study, X-ray irradiation of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is performed. After the X-ray irradiation, the threshold voltage ...(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {th}}{)} </tex-math></inline-formula> shift and ON-state current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{\text {on}}{)} </tex-math></inline-formula> variation are observed. However, after a recovery period, the degradation trend of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {th}} </tex-math></inline-formula> and that of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{\text {on}} </tex-math></inline-formula> are in opposite directions. Such opposite degradations are demonstrated and explained in this study. As X-rays irradiate the devices, holes, and defects are generated in the GaN layer and Si3N4 layer, respectively. To prove the degradation mechanism induced by X-rays in MIS HEMT, the following characteristics are offered. The drain current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{d}{)} </tex-math></inline-formula> and the source current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{s}{)} </tex-math></inline-formula> under the X-ray irradiation are introduced to prove the hole generation. The two-step degradation of the gate current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{g}{)} </tex-math></inline-formula> after X-ray irradiation provides evidence of the formation of defect states. Moreover, the different degradation behaviors between Schottky-gate HEMT and MIS HEMT are compared and verification of the position of generation of defect states in the Si3N4 layer is given accordingly.
In this paper, vanadium oxide (VO x ) was chosen for the resistive switching layer in a typical resistive random access memory (RRAM) structure. During negative forming bias, we found an initial ...selector property. This indicates the presence of metal-insulator-transition characteristics in the VO x layer even without an annealing process. In order to study this phenomenon, material analyses were conducted, with results indicating that there are V-O stretching bonds and an oxide/vanadium ratio of nearly 2.2 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{O}/{V} = {2.2} </tex-math></inline-formula>). In addition, the experimental results of the dc sweeping test indicated that off-state current gradually decreased after each cycle, meaning that the selectivity characteristics in the VO x selector could be improved. Endurance performance of our experimental devices reached 10 8 , sufficient for integration with RRAM devices in a 1S1R array. To further investigate this special phenomenon, current fitting analysis and simulation analyses were conducted. The results of the fitting analysis indicated that the conduction mechanism for off-state current was Schottky emission and the Schottky distance increased with increasing numbers of cycles. In other words, oxide ions migrate toward the filament at low negative voltage during dc sweeping, causing the formation of VO x . Furthermore, the results of thermal field simulation analysis indicated that there is a thermal concentration effect in and around the filament. Thus, oxide ions more easily migrate toward the vanadium filament when a stronger electrical field is present around the filament during dc sweeping cycles. Finally, stable vanadium selector characteristics are obtained and a conduction filament behavior model is proposed.
A new class of charge-neutral, bis-tridentate Ir(III) metal complexes is designed, synthesized and applied as emitters in the fabrication of organic light emitting diodes. Their basic properties are ...discussed vs. their tris-bidentate counterparts.
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•Relationship of the terpyridine complexes Ru(tpy)22+ and Ir(tpy)23+ are reviewed.•Dianionic chelates are constructed using pyrazole, pyridine and phenyl fragments.•N^C^N, C^N^C and C^C^C type ancillaries are employed to obtain monoanionic chelates.•Properties of the charge-neutral bis-tridentate Ir(III) complexes are discussed.•Bis-tridentate Ir(III) metal complexes are useful emitters for OLEDs.
This review is an update on current advances in metal complexes with d6-electronic configuration and bearing two tridentate chelates. We first elaborate the basic properties of the famous cationic complexes Ru(tpy)22+ and Ir(tpy)23+, where tpy represents 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. The emphasis is then switched to various charge-neutral, bis-tridentate Ir(III) complexes, with emission spanning the whole visible region from blue, green to red. These Ir(III) metal complexes are capable of exhibiting high luminescence efficiency, reduced radiative lifetime, and adequate volatility and stability, similar to those of their traditional tris-bidentate Ir(III) counterparts, destined to be viable OLED phosphors.
To study the outcomes of patients with adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma (AC/ASC) of the cervix primarily treated with radiotherapy (RT), identify the prognostic factors, and evaluate the ...efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or salvage surgery.
A total of 148 patients with Stage I-IVA AC/ASC of cervix after full-course definitive RT were included. Of the 148 patients, 77% had advanced stage disease. Treatment failure was categorized as either distant or local failure. Local failure was further separated into persistent tumor or local relapse after complete remission. The effectiveness of CCRT with cisplatin and/or paclitaxel was examined, and the surgical salvage rate for local failure was reviewed.
The 5-year relapse-free survival rate was 68%, 38%, 49%, 30%, and 0% for those with Stage IB/IIA nonbulky, IB/IIA bulky, IIB, III, and IVA disease, respectively, and appeared inferior to that of those with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix treated using the same RT protocol. Incomplete tumor regression after RT, a low hemoglobin level, and positive lymph node metastasis were independent poor prognostic factors for relapse-free survival. CCRT with weekly cisplatinum did not improve the outcome for our AC/ASC patients. Salvage surgery rescued 30% of patients with persistent disease.
Patients with AC/ASC of the cervix primarily treated with RT had inferior outcomes compared to those with squamous cell carcinoma. Incomplete tumor regression after RT was the most important prognostic factor for local failure. Salvage surgery for patients with persistent tumor should be encouraged for selected patients. Our results did not demonstrate a benefit of CCRT with cisplatin for this disease.
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