To perform a randomized trial comparing 70 and 80 Gy radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
A total of 306 patients with localized prostate cancer were randomized. No androgen deprivation was allowed. The ...primary endpoint was biochemical relapse according to the modified 1997-American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and Phoenix definitions. Toxicity was graded using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 1991 criteria and the late effects on normal tissues-subjective, objective, management, analytic scales (LENT-SOMA) scales. The patients' quality of life was scored using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire 30-item cancer-specific and 25-item prostate-specific modules.
The median follow-up was 61 months. According to the 1997-American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition, the 5-year biochemical relapse rate was 39% and 28% in the 70- and 80-Gy arms, respectively (p = .036). Using the Phoenix definition, the 5-year biochemical relapse rate was 32% and 23.5%, respectively (p = .09). The subgroup analysis showed a better biochemical outcome for the higher dose group with an initial prostate-specific antigen level >15 ng/mL. At the last follow-up date, 26 patients had died, 10 of their disease and none of toxicity, with no differences between the two arms. According to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale, the Grade 2 or greater rectal toxicity rate was 14% and 19.5% for the 70- and 80-Gy arms (p = .22), respectively. The Grade 2 or greater urinary toxicity was 10% at 70 Gy and 17.5% at 80 Gy (p = .046). Similar results were observed using the LENT-SOMA scale. Bladder toxicity was more frequent at 80 Gy than at 70 Gy (p = .039). The quality-of-life questionnaire results before and 5 years after treatment were available for 103 patients with no differences found between the 70- and 80-Gy arms.
High-dose radiotherapy provided a better 5-year biochemical outcome with slightly greater toxicity.
To evaluate in unselected patients imaged under routine conditions the co-registration accuracy of elastic fusion between magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasound (US) images obtained by the Koelis ...Urostation™.
We prospectively included 15 consecutive patients referred for placement of intraprostatic fiducials before radiotherapy and who gave written informed consent by signing the Institutional Review Board-approved forms. Three fiducials were placed in the prostate under US guidance in standardized positions (right apex, left mid-gland, right base) using the Koelis Urostation™. Patients then underwent prostate MR imaging. Four operators outlined the prostate on MR and US images and an elastic fusion was retrospectively performed. Fiducials were used to measure the overall target registration error (TRE3D), the error along the antero-posterior (TREAP), right-left (TRERL) and head-feet (TREHF) directions, and within the plane orthogonal to the virtual biopsy track (TRE2D).
Median TRE3D and TRE2D were 3.8-5.6 mm, and 2.5-3.6 mm, respectively. TRE3D was significantly influenced by the operator (p = 0.013), fiducial location (p = 0.001) and 3D axis orientation (p<0.0001). The worst results were obtained by the least experienced operator. TRE3D was smaller in mid-gland and base than in apex (average difference: -1.21 mm (95% confidence interval (95%CI): -2.03; -0.4) and -1.56 mm (95%CI: -2.44; -0.69) respectively). TREAP and TREHF were larger than TRERL (average difference: +1.29 mm (95%CI: +0.87; +1.71) and +0.59 mm (95%CI: +0.1; +0.95) respectively).
Registration error values were reasonable for clinical practice. The co-registration accuracy was significantly influenced by the operator's experience, and significantly poorer in the antero-posterior direction and at the apex.
To investigate, in rectal cancer, the benefit of a neoadjuvant radiation dose escalation with endocavitary contact radiotherapy (CXRT) in addition to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). This article ...provides an update of the Lyon R96-02 Phase III trial.
A total of 88 patients with T2 to T3 carcinoma of the lower rectum were randomly assigned to neoadjuvant EBRT 39 Gy in 13 fractions (43 patients) vs. the same EBRT with CXRT boost, 85 Gy in three fractions (45 patients). Median follow-up was 132 months.
The 10-year cumulated rate of permanent colostomy (CRPC) was 63% in the EBRT group vs. 29% in the EBRT+CXRT group (p < 0.001). The 10-year rate of local recurrence was 15% vs. 10% (p = 0.69); 10-year disease-free survival was 54% vs. 53% (p = 0.99); and 10-year overall survival was 56% vs. 55% (p = 0.85). Data of clinical response (CR) were available for 78 patients (36 in the EBRT group and 42 in the EBRT+CXRT group): 12 patients were in complete CR (1 patient vs. 11 patients), 53 patients had a CR ≥ 50% (24 patients vs. 29 patients), and 13 patients had a CR <50% (11 patients vs. 2 patients) (p < 0.001). Of the 65 patients with CR ≥ 50%, 9 had an organ preservation procedure (meaning no rectal resection) taking advantage of major CR. The 10-year CRPC was 17% for patients with complete CR, 42% for patients with CR ≥ 50%, and 77% for patients with CR <50% (p = 0.014).
In cancer of the lower rectum, CXRT increases the complete CR, turning in a significantly higher rate of long-term permanent sphincter and organ preservation.
The Lyon R90-01 randomized trial investigated whether the interval between preoperative radiation therapy and surgery influenced rectal cancer outcome. Long-term results are reported here after a ...median follow-up of 17 years.
Between February 1991 and December 1995, 210 patients from 29 French centers were randomly assigned (ratio of 1:1) to groups that waited either 2 weeks (short interval SI) or 6 to 8 weeks (long interval LI) between neoadjuvant radiation therapy and surgery. The primary endpoint was sphincter-preserving surgery.
LI group showed a better pathologic response (complete response or few residual cells) after radiation therapy than the SI group (26% vs 10.3%, P=.015). A better pathologic response was associated in multivariate analysis with significant improvement of overall survival (pT: P=.0293 and pN: P=.0048) but it was irrespective of the interval duration. The median follow-up was 17.2 years. The 5-, 10-, 15-, and 17-year overall survival rates were, respectively, 66.8%, 48.7%, 40.0%, and 34.0% for the SI group and, respectively, 67.1%, 53.5%, 41.9%, and 34.0% for the LI group. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of survival (P=.7656) or local recurrence rates (SI: 14.4% vs LI: 12.1%, respectively; P=.6202). Of 24 local disease recurrences, 20 (83%) occurred during the first 2 postoperative years, and all but one (96%) occurred during the first 5 postoperative years. The rate of second new malignancies was 9.4% (19 patients).
The radiation-induced sterilization rate of the preoperative cancer specimen was a marker of good prognosis. The interval duration (the treatment being the same) although it is modifying the sterilization rate has no impact on survival. Radiation therapy did not postpone local recurrence, because the rate of local relapse after 5 years was low. Radiation-induced cancers after radiation therapy were unusual and should not influence treatment decisions in adults.
Radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymph-node dissection (LND) is standard treatment for non-metastatic muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC). However, loco-regional recurrence (LRR) is a ...common early event associated with poor prognosis. We evaluate 3-year LRR-free (LRRFS), metastasis-free (MFS) and overall survivals (OS) after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for pathological high-risk MIBC.
We retrospectively reviewed data from patients in 3 institutions. Inclusion criteria were MIBC, histologically-proven urothelial carcinoma treated by RC and adjuvant RT. Patients with conservative surgery were excluded. Outcomes were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method. Acute toxicities were recorded according to CTCAE V4.0 scale.
Between 2000 and 2013, 57 patients median age 66.3 years (45-84) were included. Post-operative pathological staging was ≤pT2, pT3 and pT4 in 16%, 44%, and 39%, respectively. PLND revealed 28% pN0, 26% pN1 and 42% pN2. Median number of lymph-nodes retrieved was 10 (2-33). Forty-eight patients (84%) received platin-based chemotherapy. For RT, clinical target volume 1 (CTV 1) encompassed pelvic lymph nodes for all patients. CTV 1 also included cystectomy bed for 37 patients (65%). CTV 1 median dose was 45 Gy (4-50). A boost of 16 Gy (5-22), corresponding to CTV 2, was administered for 30 patients, depending on pathological features. One third of patients received intensity-modulated RT. With median follow-up of 40.4 months, 8 patients (14%) had LRR. Three-year LRRFS, MFS and OS were 45% (95%CI 30-60), 37% (95%CI 24-51) and 49% (95%CI 33-63), respectively. Five (9%) patients had acute grade ≥3 toxicities (gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary and biological parameters). One patient died with intestinal fistula in a septic context.
Because of poor prognosis, an effective post-operative standard of care is needed for pathological high-risk MIBC. Adjuvant RT is feasible and may have oncological benefits. Prospective trials evaluating this approach with current RT techniques should be undertaken.
The potential advantage of high-dose preoperative radiotherapy to increase tumor response and improve the chance of sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer remains controversial. The aim of this ...trial was to evaluate the role of escalating the dose of preoperative radiation to increase sphincter-saving procedures.
Patients with rectal carcinoma located in the lower rectum, staged T2 or T3, Nx, or M0 with endorectal sonography, and not involving more than two-thirds circumference, were randomly assigned to one of two groups: preoperative external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT; 39 Gy in 13 fractions over 17 days) versus the same EBRT with boost (85 Gy in three fractions) using endocavitary contact x-ray.
Between 1996 and 2001, 88 patients were enrolled onto the study. A significant improvement was seen in favor of the contact x-ray boost for complete clinical response (24% v 2%) and for a complete or near-complete sterilization of the operative specimen (57% v 34%). A significant increase in sphincter preservation was observed in the boost group (76% v 44%; P =.004). At a median follow-up of 35 months, there was no difference in morbidity, local relapse, and 2-year overall survival.
A dose escalation with endocavitary irradiation provides increased tumor response and sphincter preservation with no detrimental effect on treatment toxicity and early clinical outcome.
Hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) in prostate cancer can be developed only if the risk of rectal toxicity is controlled. In a multicenter phase 2 trial, hypofractionated irradiation was ...combined with an injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) to preserve the rectal wall. Tolerance of the injection and acute toxicity rates are reported.
The study was designed to assess late grade 2 toxicity rates. The results described here correspond to the secondary objectives. Acute toxicity was defined as occurring during RT or within 3 months after RT and graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. HA tolerance was evaluated with a visual analog scale during the injection and 30 minutes after injection and then by use of the Common Terminology Criteria at each visit.
From 2010 to 2012, 36 patients with low-risk to intermediate-risk prostate cancer were included. The HA injection induced a mean pain score of 4.6/10 ± 2.3. Thirty minutes after the injection, 2 patients still reported pain (2/10 and 3/10), which persisted after the intervention. Thirty-three patients experienced at least 1 acute genitourinary toxicity and 20 patients at least 1 acute gastrointestinal toxicity. Grade 2 toxicities were reported for 19 patients with urinary obstruction, frequency, or both and for 1 patient with proctitis. No grade 3 or 4 toxicities were reported. At the 3-month visit, 4 patients described grade 2 obstruction or frequency, and no patients had any grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicities.
The injection of HA makes it possible to deliver hypofractionated irradiation over 4 weeks with a dose per fraction of > 3 Gy, with limited acute rectal toxicity.
Highlights • Transrectal implantation of gold markers in the prostatic bed is possible. • Salvage focal dose irradiation of macroscopic relapse after prostatectomy is feasible. • Gold markers are ...stable in prostate bed for salvage focal irradiation. • The distance variation between two gold markers could be considered as non-relevant. • Development of new approaches of focal irradiation into the macroscopic relapse after prostatectomy.
Accurate delineation of the mediastinal and hilar lymph node regions is essential for a reproducible definition of target volumes used in conformal irradiation of non-small-cell lung cancer. The goal ...of this work was to generate a consensus to delineate these nodal regions based on definitions from the American Joint Committee on Cancer.
A dedicated thoracic radiologist, thoracic surgeon, medical physicist, and three radiation oncologists were gathered to generate a three-dimensional radiologic description for the mediastinal and hilar nodal regions on axial CT scans. This paper proposes an atlas of most of the lymph node stations described by Mountain and Dresler.
The CT boundaries of lymph node stations 1-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10-11 were defined on axial CT, along with image illustrations.
These CT-based illustrative definitions will provide guidelines for clinical practice and studies evaluating incidental radiation in radiotherapy. Studies are ongoing at the University of Michigan to measure quantitatively the incidental nodal radiation received by patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
The combination of radiation, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer has been shown to be feasible in a phase I trial. The purpose of this phase II trial was to assess ...tolerance and efficacy of this regimen in a preoperative setting.
Between May 2000 and October 2001, 40 operable patients were entered onto the study. Radiotherapy was delivered with a three-field technique to a dose of 50 Gy over 5 weeks with a concomitant boost approach. Two cycles of chemotherapy were given synchronously on weeks 1 and 5, with oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2) on day 1 followed by 5-day continuous infusion of fluorouracil 350 mg/m(2) and L-folinic acid 100 mg/m(2). Surgery was planned 5 weeks later.
All patients completed treatment without modification except one who experienced grade 3/4 toxicity. Grade 3 toxicity was seen in seven patients. Surgery was performed in all patients after a mean interval time of 5 weeks. An objective clinical response was seen in 30 patients (75%). Sphincter-saving surgery was possible in 26 patients. No postoperative deaths occurred. In four patients (10%), a reoperation was necessary (anastomotic fistula, n = 2; pelvic abscess, n = 2). In six cases the operative specimen was sterilized (15%), and in 12 cases (30%), only few residual cells were detected.
Such a combined preoperative chemoradiotherapy and oxaliplatin-containing regimen is well tolerated with no increase in surgical toxicity. The good response rate observed warrants its use in further clinical trials.
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