Spin glasses and complexity Stein, Daniel L; Stein, Daniel L; Newman, Charles M
2013., 20130115, 2013, Letnik:
4
eBook
Spin glasses are disordered magnetic systems that have led to the development of mathematical tools with an array of real-world applications, from airline scheduling to neural networks.Spin Glasses ...and Complexityoffers the most concise, engaging, and accessible introduction to the subject, fully explaining what spin glasses are, why they are important, and how they are opening up new ways of thinking about complexity.
This one-of-a-kind guide to spin glasses begins by explaining the fundamentals of order and symmetry in condensed matter physics and how spin glasses fit into--and modify--this framework. It then explores how spin-glass concepts and ideas have found applications in areas as diverse as computational complexity, biological and artificial neural networks, protein folding, immune response maturation, combinatorial optimization, and social network modeling.
Providing an essential overview of the history, science, and growing significance of this exciting field, Spin Glasses and Complexityalso features a forward-looking discussion of what spin glasses may teach us in the future about complex systems. This is a must-have book for students and practitioners in the natural and social sciences, with new material even for the experts.
Across the globe, from mega-cities to isolated resource enclaves, the provision and governance of security takes place within assemblages that are de-territorialized in terms of actors, technologies, ...norms and discourses. They are embedded in a complex transnational architecture, defying conventional distinctions between public and private, global and local. Drawing on theories of globalization and late modernity, along with insights from criminology, political science and sociology, Security Beyond the State maps the emergence of the global private security sector and develops a novel analytical framework for understanding these global security assemblages. Through in-depth examinations of four African countries – Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa – it demonstrates how global security assemblages affect the distribution of social power, the dynamics of state stability, and the operations of the international political economy, with significant implications for who gets secured and how in a global era.
The spread of farming from western Asia to Europe had profound long-term social and ecological impacts, but identification of the specific nature of Neolithic land management practices and the ...dietary contribution of early crops has been problematic. Here, we present previously undescribed stable isotope determinations of charred cereals and pulses from 13 Neolithic sites across Europe (dating ca . 5900–2400 cal B.C.), which show that early farmers used livestock manure and water management to enhance crop yields. Intensive manuring inextricably linked plant cultivation and animal herding and contributed to the remarkable resilience of these combined practices across diverse climatic zones. Critically, our findings suggest that commonly applied paleodietary interpretations of human and herbivore δ ¹⁵N values have systematically underestimated the contribution of crop-derived protein to early farmer diets.
Objective
To examine the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and self-rated health status among a representative sample of the Brazilian population.
Methods
This study consists of a secondary ...analysis of the existing 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS). Logistic regression models were then used to examine the association between self-reported health status and BMI, while controlling for obesity-related medical conditions and socio-demographic characteristics.
Results
The representative sample included 34,021 men and 34,430 women, comprising a total sample of 68,451. Men living with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
) had, on average, a lower self-reported health status score (OR = 0.69,
p
< 0.01) compared to men within a healthy weight BMI range (18.5–25 kg/m
2
). Women living with obesity had, on average, a lower self-reported health status score (OR = 0.56,
p
< 0.01) compared to women within a healthy weight BMI range (18.5–25 kg/m
2
). There was also a statistically significant negative association (
p
< 0.01) between our obesity-related medical conditions and self-reported health for men and women. We also find some evidence of a non-linear association between BMI and health status for men.
Conclusions
The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant negative association between BMI and self-reported health for Brazilian men and women living with obesity. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing this growing public health challenge and the value of preventive measures and effective public health programs that focus on improving overall health and quality of life for individuals living with obesity.
An examination of the therapeutics and diagnostics use of porphyrinoids including phthalocyanines and glycosylated porphyrins is offered. Topics covered include glycosylated phthalocyanines, ...glycosylated chlorins, isobacteriochlorins and bacteriochlorins and glycosylated porphyrazines.
CYP2C19 catalyzes the bioactivation of the antiplatelet prodrug clopidogrel, and CYP2C19 genotype impacts clopidogrel active metabolite formation. CYP2C19 intermediate and poor metabolizers who ...receive clopidogrel experience reduced platelet inhibition and increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. This guideline is an update to the 2013 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline for the use of clopidogrel based on CYP2C19 genotype and includes expanded indications for CYP2C19 genotype‐guided antiplatelet therapy, increased strength of recommendation for CYP2C19 intermediate metabolizers, updated CYP2C19 genotype to phenotype translation, and evidence from an expanded literature review (updates at www.cpicpgx.org).
This study aims to advance the conceptualisation of materiality in sustainability accounting by tackling theoretical deficiencies that remain unresolved in the current understanding of materiality. ...In doing so, we integrate accountability and stakeholder heterogeneity into a new conceptual model of materiality that is used to explain how an organisation sets priorities in reporting and in managing different sustainability issues in a heterogeneous stakeholder environment. The model is illustrated with reference to events involving the multinational organisation Exxon. The empirical accounts of the Exxon case presented herein fortify our knowledge claims for this model and, moreover, confirm its explanatory potential with respect to the materiality phenomenon, including how unaccountable behaviour is dealt with in materiality practices.
•Transaction cost theory explains the financial unsustainability CRCs.•Government funding distorts the ability of CRCs to foster continued collaboration.•Current CRC governance is counterproductive ...to achieving ongoing collaborations.
Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) in Australia are underpinned by funding from the Australian Government. Among their many goals, they are intended to lead to long-term sustainable relationships between industry and academic institutions without the need for further public funding. Yet concerns have been raised in various reports and reviews about the ability of CRCs to achieve sustainable collaboration beyond their initial seven-year life, despite the general observation that CRCs have proved beneficial to the broader Australian community and the economy in general. This study adduces Transaction Cost Theory to determine the impediments to long-term sustainable collaboration between industry and academia. It does so by examining relationships between CRC members at a member organisational level, rather than at an individual researcher or program level, as previous studies have done. The article concludes by introducing testable governance attributes that have the potential to minimise transaction costs between participants in industry-academic collaboration and therefore foster long-term research collaborations.
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