1,2- and 2,1-benzothiazines, for example, 1,2-benzothiazine-1,1-dioxides. 2,benzothiazine-2,2-dioxides, 1-alkyl/aryl-1,2-/2,1-benzothiazine-S-oxides, dibenzothiazine and polyheterocycle containing ...benzothiazine moiety are considered to be one of the privileged heterocyclic scaffolds with huge importances both in synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry especially in the drug industry. Numerous pioneering methodologies for asymmetric and non-asymmetric scaffold constructions have been developed. Comprehensive visions of different powerful methodologies for the synthesis of these scaffolds have been presented in this review.
This research involves the optimization of different variables of the operating conditions to prepare activated carbon from pomegranate peels (Punica granatum peel). For this purpose, a statistical ...method called Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been adopted to economize the number of experiments and their meaningful interpretation. Activated carbon was produced by chemical activation (H
3
PO
4
). RSM was used to evaluate the variables considered in the preparation of activated carbon such as impregnation ratio (2-4 g H
3
PO
4
/g pomegranate peel), temperature (400-600°C), and activation time (30-90 min), experimented using a three-variable Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on a quadratic model and an RSM tool provided by Design Expert 8.0.4 (STAT-EASE Inc., Minneapolis, USA). The responses analyzed for optimization were the methylene blue number and the iodine number. The factors that are significant influencing the activated carbon preparation have been identified by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions established were impregnation ratio of 2.78, activation temperature of 575°C, and activation time of 73 min.
Non-symmorphic chiral topological crystals host exotic multifold fermions, and their associated Fermi arcs helically wrap around and expand throughout the Brillouin zone between the high-symmetry ...center and surface-corner momenta. However, Fermi-arc splitting and realization of the theoretically proposed maximal Chern number rely heavily on the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) strength. In the present work, we investigate the topological states of a new chiral crystal, PtGa, which has the strongest SOC among all chiral crystals reported to date. With a comprehensive investigation using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, quantum-oscillation measurements, and state-of-the-art ab initio calculations, we report a giant SOC-induced splitting of both Fermi arcs and bulk states. Consequently, this study experimentally confirms the realization of a maximal Chern number equal to ±4 in multifold fermionic systems, thereby providing a platform to observe large-quantized photogalvanic currents in optical experiments.
Optical reflection, or in other words the loss of reflection, from a surface becomes increasingly crucial in determining the extent of the light-matter interaction. The simplest example of using an ...anti-reflecting (AR) surface is possibly the solar cell that incorporates an AR coating to harvest sunlight more effectively. Researchers have now found ways to mimic biological structures, such as moth eyes or cicada wings, which have been used for the AR purpose by nature herself. These nanoscopic biomimetic structures lend valuable clues in fabricating and designing gradient refractive index materials that are efficient AR structures. The reflectance from a selected sub-wavelength or gradient index structures have come down to below 1% in the visible region of the spectrum and efforts are on to achieve broader bands of such enhanced AR regime. In addition to the challenge of broader bands, the performance of AR structures is also limited by factors such as omnidirectional properties and polarization of incident light. This review presents selected state-of-the-art AR techniques, reported over the last half a century, and their guiding principles to predict a logical trend for future research in this field.
In this short topical review, a brief account of the evolution of defects due to controlled changes in polycrystalline zinc oxide has been presented. X-ray diffraction, Positron annihilation ...spectroscopy and optical absorption spectroscopy has been employed to understand various defective states of ZnO. Thermogravimetric analysis, room temperature resistivity and photoluminescence measurements (just mentioned) have been used to throw more light on this topic. A coherent scenario in the light of previous works in this field has been discussed. At the end discussion on the magnetic studies on ZnO-based systems has been added in short.
A
bstract
We present compact analytic expressions for 3-flavor neutrino oscillation probabilities with invisible neutrino decay, where matter effects have been explicitly included. We take into ...account the possibility that the oscillation and decay components of the effective Hamiltonian do not commute. This is achieved by employing the techniques of inverse Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (BCH) expansion and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem applied in the 3-flavor framework. If only the vacuum mass eigenstate
ν
3
decays, we show that the treatment of neutrino propagation may be reduced to an effective 2-flavor analysis in the One Mass Scale Dominance (OMSD) approximation. The oscillation probabilities for
P
μμ
,
P
ee
,
P
eμ
and
P
μe
— relevant for reactor, long baseline and atmospheric neutrino experiments — are obtained as perturbative expansions for the case of only
ν
3
decay, as well as for the more general scenario where all components of the decay matrix are non-zero. The analytic results thus obtained match the exact numerical results for constant density matter to a high precision and provide physical insights into possible effects of the decay of neutrinos as they propagate through Earth matter. We find that the effects of neutrino decay are most likely to be observable in
P
μμ
. We also point out that at any long baseline, the oscillation dips in
P
μμ
can show higher survival probabilities in the case with decay than without decay, and explain this feature using our analytic approximations.
The objective of this paper is to propose a simple digital current mode control technique for dc-dc converters. In the proposed current-mode control method, the inductor current is sampled only once ...in a switching period. A compensating ramp is used in the modulator to determine the switching instant. The slope of the compensating ramp is determined analytically from the steady-state stability condition. The proposed digital current-mode control is not predictive, therefore the trajectory of the inductor current during the switching period is not estimated in this method, and as a result the computational burden on the digital controller is significantly reduced. It therefore effectively increases the maximum switching frequency of the converter when a particular digital signal processor is used to implement the control algorithm. It is shown that the proposed digital method is versatile enough to implement any one of the average, peak, and valley current mode controls by adjustment of the sampling instant of the inductor current with respect to the turn-on instant of the switch. The proposed digital current-mode control algorithm is tested on a 12-V input and 1.5-V, 7-A output buck converter switched at 100kHz and experimental results are presented
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by progressive loss of exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas and is considered to be the single most important cause for development of pancreatic ...cancer. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of clinical conditions like pancreatitis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, molecular signaling pathways linking inflammation, oxidative stress, and pancreatic cell death are not yet well defined. In this study, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used (injected twice a week for three weeks) to emulate a chronic systemic inflammatory state in experimental Swiss albino mice. Using this model, we traced the genesis of inflammation-induced pancreatic dysfunction and mapped the signaling events which contribute to the induction of this state. Histopathological studies revealed the appearance of cell injuries and increased collagen content in LPS-exposed group, indicative of fibrosis. Assays for intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, insulin levels, and insulin receptor mRNA expression signified inflammation-induced insulin insensitivity. For the first time we present evidence that cellular inflammation and subsequent oxidative stress modulate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/NF-E2-related factor 2 or Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway and initiates pancreatic cell death by activation of stress-responsive Rho/stress-activated protein kinase or SAPK/Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Scavenging of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a standard antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine led to pancreatic cell survival. The data obtained strongly indicates that the LPS/toll-like receptor-4 or TLR-4/ROS/NF-κB pathway is critically involved in the initiation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pancreatic cell death and might prove to be an excellent choice as a target for novel therapeutic strategies in the management of metabolic disorders.
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