•COVID-19 infection can lead to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome MODS within a few days of disease onset.•A powerful cytokine ...storm accompanies COVID-19 pneumonia.•The capacity to accurately predict and intervene in the cytokine storm during COVID-19 pneumonia, as well as the ability to design effective specific strategies to block excessive inflammation, is critical for patient survival.
Clinical intervention in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated a strong upregulation of cytokine production in patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV2-induced pneumonia. In a retrospective study of 41 patients with COVID-19, most patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed mild symptoms, whereas some patients later developed aggravated disease symptoms, and eventually passed away because of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), as a consequence of a severe cytokine storm. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected pneumonia were first published January 30th, 2020; these guidelines recommended for the first time that cytokine monitoring should be applied in severely ill patients to reduce pneumonia related mortality. The cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 illness is also an important component of mortality in other viral diseases, including SARS, MERS and influenza. In view of the severe morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pneumonia, we review the current understanding of treatment of human coronavirus infections from the perspective of a dysregulated cytokine and immune response.
Conflicting evidence exists on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, this meta-analysis focuses on the relationship between ...vitamin D intervention and glycaemic control in subjects with T2D.
We reviewed available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studies from the establishment time of each database to March 31, 2018. Stata 13.0 software was used to evaluate the included literature.
Finally, a total of 19 RCT studies involving 747 intervention subjects and 627 placebo controls were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, the short-term vitamin D supplementation group had a decline in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin resistance, and insulin. The Standard Mean Difference (SMD) (95% CI 95% confidence interval) of HbA1c, insulin resistance, and insulin were -0.17 (-0.29, -0.05), -0.75 (-0.97, -0.53), -0.57 (-0.78, -0.35), respectively with all P value <.05. But there were no significant differences in long-term follow-up vitamin D intervention.
Vitamin D supplementation in T2D patients can improve HbA1c, insulin resistance, and insulin in short-term intervention, suggesting that vitamin D can be considered as a therapeutic agent along with the other treatments for T2D.
Abstract
In recent years, as living standards have continued to improve, the number of diabetes patients in China, along with the incidence of complications associated with the disease, has been ...increasing. Among these complications, diabetic foot disease is one of the main causes of disability and death in diabetic patients. Due to the differences in economy, culture, religion and level of medical care available across different regions, preventive and treatment methods and curative results for diabetic foot vary greatly. In multidisciplinary models built around diabetic foot, the timely assessment and diagnosis of wounds and appropriate methods of prevention and treatment with internal and external surgery are key to clinical practice for this pathology. In 2019, under the leadership of the Jiangsu Medical Association and Chinese Diabetes Society, the writing group for the Guidelines on multidisciplinary approaches for the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (2020 edition) was established with the participation of scholars from the specialist areas of endocrinology, burn injury, vascular surgery, orthopedics, foot and ankle surgery and cardiology. Drawing lessons from diabetic foot guidelines from other countries, this guide analyses clinical practices for diabetic foot, queries the theoretical basis and grades and gives recommendations based on the characteristics of the pathology in China. This paper begins with assessments and diagnoses of diabetic foot, then describes treatments for diabetic foot in detail, and ends with protections for high-risk feet and the prevention of ulcers. This manuscript covers the disciplines of internal medicine, surgical, nursing and rehabilitation and describes a total of 50 recommendations that we hope will provide procedures and protocols for clinicians dealing with diabetic foot.
Registry number: IPGRP-2020cn124
Abstract To determine the role of maggot debridement therapy (MDT) on diabetic foot wound healing, we compared growth related factors in wounds before and after treatment. Furthermore, we utilized ...human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to explore responses to maggot excretions/secretions on markers of angiogenesis and proliferation. The results showed that there was neo-granulation and angiogenesis in diabetic foot wounds after MDT. Moreover, significant elevation in CD34 and CD68 levels was also observed in treated wounds. In vitro, ES increased HUVEC proliferation, improved tube formation, and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in a dose dependent manner. These results demonstrate that MDT and maggot ES can promote diabetic foot wound healing by up-regulating endothelial cell activity.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by the neuron specific activators p35/p39 and plays many important roles in neuronal development. However, aberrant ...activation of Cdk5 is believed to be associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Here in the present study, enhanced Cdk5 activity was observed in mouse models of AD; whereas soluble amyloid-β oligomers (Aβ), which contribute to synaptic failures during AD pathogenesis, induced Cdk5 hyperactivation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Inhibition of Cdk5 activity by pharmacological or genetic approaches reversed dendritic spine loss caused by soluble amyloid-β oligomers (Aβ) treatment. Interestingly, we found that the anti-diabetes drug pioglitazone could inhibit Cdk5 activity by decreasing p35 protein level. More importantly, pioglitazone treatment corrected long-term potentiation (LTP) deficit caused by Aβ exposure in cultured slices and pioglitazone administration rescued impaired LTP and spatial memory in AD mouse models. Taken together, our study describes an unanticipated role of pioglitazone in alleviating AD and reveals a potential therapeutic drug for AD curing.
Through the study of regulatory T cells (Tregs), we found a possible way to promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) with maggot treatment and investigated the associated mechanism.
...Immunohistochemistry was used to examinetissues from DFU patients treated with or without maggot debridement therapy (MDT). The expression of the signature Treg molecule Foxp3, interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) in patients with DFU treated with or without MDT was tested by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). CD4+ T cells from mouse spleen cells were cocultured in vitro with maggot excretions/secretions (ES), and Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, and IRF-4 levels were measured by RT-PCR.
Foxp3 expression was obviously increased in DFU patients treated using MDT but less pronounced in those treated without MDT (P < 0.05). Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, and IRF-4 gene expression levels were higher in DFU patients treated with MDT than in those treated without MDT. Moreover, in vitro coculture of mouse spleen cells with ESs produced results consistent with the in vivo results (P < 0.001).
MDT/ESs can obviously upregulate the Treg level and may affect DFU healing in different ways, suggesting a new direction for the future treatment of DFU.
Receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) is a protein kinase that plays a key role in programmed necrosis. Despite the importance of RIP3-dependent necrosis in many pathological processes, current ...knowledge on the function of RIP3 is very limited. Here we present the results of a proteome-wide analysis of RIP3-regulated phosphorylation sites using cells from wildtype (RIP3+/+) and RIP3 knockout (RIP3−/−) mice. Because the activation of RIP3 requires stimulation by certain extracellular stimuli such as ligands of death receptors or Toll-like receptors, we compared the phosphorylation sites of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated peritoneal macrophages from RIP3+/+ and RIP3−/− mice and the phosphorylation sites of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-treated RIP3+/+ and RIP3−/− mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture and spike-in stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture were used in the analyses of the MEFs and macrophages, respectively. Proteomic analyses using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture coupled with immobilized metal affinity chromatography-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography fractionation and nanoLC MS/MS identified 14,057 phosphopeptides in 4306 proteins from the macrophages and 4732 phosphopeptides in 1785 proteins from the MEFs. Analysis of amino acid sequence motifs among the phosphopeptides identified a potential motif of RIP3 phosphorylation. Among the phosphopeptides identified, 73 were found exclusively in RIP3+/+ macrophages, 121 were detected exclusively from RIP3+/+ MEFs, 286 phosphopeptides were induced more in RIP3+/+ macrophages than in RIP3−/− macrophages and 26 phosphopeptides had higher induction in RIP3+/+ MEFs than in RIP3−/− cells. Many of the RIP3 regulated phosphoproteins from the macrophages and MEF cells are functionally associated with the cell cycle; the rest, however, appear to have diverse functions in that a number of metabolism related proteins were phosphorylated in macrophages and development related phosphoproteins were induced in MEFs. The results of our phosphoproteomic analysis suggest that RIP3 might function beyond necrosis and that cell type specific function of RIP3 exists.
•This metamaterial absorber is sensitive to gases and liquids.•This metamaterial absorber is temperature sensitive.•The original absorption properties are retained during the temperature increase.
A ...temperature tunable dual band metamaterial absorber is designed and fabricated. An absorption peak at 1.08 THz is derived from the localized surface plasmon (LSP) mode, while another absorption peak at 1.75 THz is derived from the cavity resonance mode. When different gases are applied to the sample surface, the amplitude and the resonance frequency of the absorption peak at 1.08 THz are modulated. When different liquids are applied to the sample surface, the amplitude of the absorption peak at 1.08 THz is reduced and the resonance frequency is shifted to lower frequencies. The original resonance properties of the absorption peak at 1.08 THz are basically preserved during the measured temperature increase and decrease. The absorption peak at 1.75 THz is sensitive to changes in temperature. The absorption amplitude and resonance frequency are both controlled in the measured temperature increase and decrease.
In this paper, a single-band tunable metamaterial absorber with metal disk array is verified in Terahertz (THz) range. An absorption peak Is achieved based on local surface plasmon (LSP) mode ...resonance at 14.3 THz with 90% amplitude under room temperature. In the first stage of measurement, this absorption peak is enhanced and shifted to lower frequencies with diameter increasing, while reduced and shifted to higher frequencies with lattice constant increasing. In the second stage of measurement, this peak is in sensitive to temperature. Moreover, a new absorption peak is achieved at 26.6 THz with temperature increasing. This peak is enhanced from 45% to 81% when temperature is increased from 300 k to 400 k, and shifted from 26.6 THz to 18.7 THz. Therefore, a metamaterial absorber that can both modulate new absorption peak and retain original absorption performance is verified.
•An absorption peak at resonance frequency 14.3 THz with 90% amplitude is achieved at room temperature.•This original absorption peak is not sensitive to temperature.•A newly absorption peak at resonance frequency 26.6 THz is achieved with the measured temperature increasing.•The newly absorption peak can be controlled by increasing the measured temperature.
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