Scalable nanoelectronics with energy‐efficient logic technology is crucial for next‐generation edge devices. Low‐dimensional semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenides and single‐walled ...carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), have tunable properties with reduced short‐channel effects. The unique properties of each material can be utilized owing to the heterogeneous integration of multiple semiconducting channels to form complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) logic. However, the integration remains challenging. This study reveals the realization of low static power hetero‐CMOS inverters by the integration of n‐type monolayer MoS2 and p‐type SWCNT networks. The balanced inverter exhibits a large peak gain of ≈67 at a supply voltage of 2 V with the customized design of the wafer‐scale synthetic process and channel integration. An ultralow standby power consumption of ≈5 pW and a practical peak gain of ≈7 at a reduced supply voltage of 0.25 V are achieved. A high noise margin (>70%) validates the circuit's tolerance to external noises and the dynamic analysis of the inverting amplifier in push–pull configuration exhibits a large AC gain. This work paves the way toward the wafer‐scale integration of low‐dimensional materials for low‐power nanoelectronics.
Wafer‐scale low‐power hetero‐CMOS inverters are realized by integrating monolayer MoS2 and SWCNT networks. An ultralow standby power consumption of ≈5 pW at a reduced supply voltage of 0.25 V, high NMs (>70%), and dynamic analysis in a push‐pull configuration are achieved. It paves the way toward the wafer‐scale integration of low‐dimensional materials for low‐power nanoelectronics.
BackgroundTumor mutational burden (TMB), defined as the number of somatic mutations per megabase of interrogated genomic sequence, demonstrates predictive biomarker potential for the identification ...of patients with cancer most likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. TMB is optimally calculated by whole exome sequencing (WES), but next-generation sequencing targeted panels provide TMB estimates in a time-effective and cost-effective manner. However, differences in panel size and gene coverage, in addition to the underlying bioinformatics pipelines, are known drivers of variability in TMB estimates across laboratories. By directly comparing panel-based TMB estimates from participating laboratories, this study aims to characterize the theoretical variability of panel-based TMB estimates, and provides guidelines on TMB reporting, analytic validation requirements and reference standard alignment in order to maintain consistency of TMB estimation across platforms.MethodsEleven laboratories used WES data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Multi-Center Mutation calling in Multiple Cancers (MC3) samples and calculated TMB from the subset of the exome restricted to the genes covered by their targeted panel using their own bioinformatics pipeline (panel TMB). A reference TMB value was calculated from the entire exome using a uniform bioinformatics pipeline all members agreed on (WES TMB). Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between WES and panel TMB for all 32 cancer types combined and separately. Variability in panel TMB values at various WES TMB values was also quantified using 95% prediction limits.ResultsStudy results demonstrated that variability within and between panel TMB values increases as the WES TMB values increase. For each panel, prediction limits based on linear regression analyses that modeled panel TMB as a function of WES TMB were calculated and found to approximately capture the intended 95% of observed panel TMB values. Certain cancer types, such as uterine, bladder and colon cancers exhibited greater variability in panel TMB values, compared with lung and head and neck cancers.ConclusionsIncreasing uptake of TMB as a predictive biomarker in the clinic creates an urgent need to bring stakeholders together to agree on the harmonization of key aspects of panel-based TMB estimation, such as the standardization of TMB reporting, standardization of analytical validation studies and the alignment of panel-based TMB values with a reference standard. These harmonization efforts should improve consistency and reliability of panel TMB estimates and aid in clinical decision-making.
Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) have emerged as a potential candidate to outperform conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs at low voltages, since their operation mechanism can ...overcome the fundamental subthreshold swing (SS) limit of 60 mV/decade at room temperature. We report carbon nanotube (CNT) based TFETs with abrupt p-i-n tunneling junctions controlled by electrostatic doping. Minimum SS (SSmin) of ∼41 mV/dec is observed with nearly no temperature dependence, as clear evidence of the TFET operation. We further investigate devices using CNTs with smaller bandgaps, reporting a record high band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) current of ∼100 nA for a single CNT. Non-linear output characteristics are observed as expected for devices operating outside of the quantum capacitance limit (QCL). Overall, electrostatically doped CNT TFETs shine a promising path for low-power electronic applications.
Triple-gate CNT TFET implemented with thin gate dielectric for record high BTBT current with SSmin< 60mV/dec. Display omitted
•First study of carbon nanotube TFET performance comparison for channel material with different bandgaps.•Record high band-to-band tunneling current with sub-60 mV/dec switching for carbon nanotube TFET.•Triple-gate TFET implementation utilizing thin gate dielectric to achieve high band-to-band tunneling efficiency.
MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), which accounts for 70% of the liver's total miRNAs, plays a pivotal role in the liver. However, its intrinsic physiological roles remain largely undetermined. We demonstrated ...that mice lacking the gene encoding miR-122a (Mir122a) are viable but develop temporally controlled steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mice exhibited a striking disparity in HCC incidence based on sex, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.9:1, which recapitulates the disease incidence in humans. Impaired expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) contributed to steatosis, which was reversed by in vivo restoration of Mttp expression. We found that hepatic fibrosis onset can be partially attributed to the action of a miR-122a target, the Klf6 transcript. In addition, Mir122a(-/-) livers exhibited disruptions in a range of pathways, many of which closely resemble the disruptions found in human HCC. Importantly, the reexpression of miR-122a reduced disease manifestation and tumor incidence in Mir122a(-/-) mice. This study demonstrates that mice with a targeted deletion of the Mir122a gene possess several key phenotypes of human liver diseases, which provides a rationale for the development of a unique therapy for the treatment of chronic liver disease and HCC.
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted increasing attention due to their merits of high transconductance, low operating voltage, and good biocompatibility, ideal for biosensors. ...However, further advances in their practical applications face challenges of low n‐type performance and poor stability. Here, it is demonstrated that wet‐spinning the commercially available n‐type conjugated polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) into highly aligned and crystalline fibers enhances both OECT performance and stability. Although BBL is only soluble in high‐boiling‐point strong acids, it can be wet‐spun into high‐quality fibers with adjustable diameters. The BBL fiber OECTs exhibit a record‐high area‐normalized transconductance (gm,A) of 2.40 µS µm−2 and over 10 times higher figure‐of‐merit (µC*) than its thin‐film counterparts. More importantly, these fiber OECTs exhibit remarkable stability with no noticeable performance attenuation after 1500 cycles over 4 h operation, outperforming all previously reported n‐type OECTs. The superior performance and stability can be attributed to shorter π–π stacking distance and ordered molecular arrangement in the fibers, endowing the BBL fiber OECT‐based biosensors with outstanding sensitivity while keeping a miniaturized form factor. This work demonstrates that, beyond new material development, developing new fabrication technology is also crucial for addressing the performance and stability issues in n‐type OECTs.
A meticulously designed wet‐spinning method successfully produces n‐type semiconducting fibers with reduced π–π stacking distance and ordered molecular arrangement. Organic electrochemical transistors based on these fibers exhibit superior performance and unprecedented stability, advancing the development of highly sensitive biosensors and fiber‐based complementary logic circuits, and paving the way for fiber‐based bioelectronics.
High-throughput approaches for profiling the 5′ ends of RNA degradation intermediates on a genome-wide scale are frequently applied to analyze and validate cleavage sites guided by microRNAs ...(miRNAs). However, the complexity of the RNA degradome other than miRNA targets is currently largely uncharacterized, and this limits the application of RNA degradome studies. We conducted a global analysis of 5′-truncated mRNA ends that mapped to coding sequences (CDSs) of Arabidopsis thaliana, rice (Oryza sativa), and soybean (Glycine max). Based on this analysis, we provide multiple lines of evidence to show that the plant RNA degradome contains in vivo ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. We observed a 3-nucleotide periodicity in the position of free 5′ RNA ends and a bias toward the translational frame. By examining conserved peptide upstream open reading frames (uORFs) of Arabidopsis and rice, we found a predominance of 5′ termini of RNA degradation intermediates that were separated by a length equal to a ribosome-protected mRNA fragment. Through the analysis of RNA degradome data, we discovered uORFs and CDS regions potentially associated with stacked ribosomes in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, our analysis of RNA degradome data suggested that the binding of Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE7 to a noncleavable target site of miR390 might directly hinder ribosome movement. This work demonstrates an alternative use of RNA degradome data in the study of ribosome stalling.
Organic light-emitting diodes are emerging as leading technologies for both high quality display and lighting. However, the transparent conductive electrode used in the current organic light-emitting ...diode technologies increases the overall cost and has limited bendability for future flexible applications. Here we use single-layer graphene as an alternative flexible transparent conductor, yielding white organic light-emitting diodes with brightness and efficiency sufficient for general lighting. The performance improvement is attributed to the device structure, which allows direct hole injection from the single-layer graphene anode into the light-emitting layers, reducing carrier trapping induced efficiency roll-off. By employing a light out-coupling structure, phosphorescent green organic light-emitting diodes exhibit external quantum efficiency >60%, while phosphorescent white organic light-emitting diodes exhibit external quantum efficiency >45% at 10,000 cd m(-2) with colour rendering index of 85. The power efficiency of white organic light-emitting diodes reaches 80 lm W(-1) at 3,000 cd m(-2), comparable to the most efficient lighting technologies.
Humans are able to find and tap to the beat of musical rhythms varying in complexity from children's songs to modern jazz. Musical beat has no one-to-one relationship with auditory features—it is an ...abstract perceptual representation that emerges from the interaction between sensory cues and higher-level cognitive organization. Previous investigations have examined the neural basis of beat processing but have not tested the core phenomenon of finding and tapping to the musical beat. To test this, we used fMRI and had musicians find and tap to the beat of rhythms that varied from metrically simple to metrically complex—thus from a strong to a weak beat. Unlike most previous studies, we measured beat tapping performance during scanning and controlled for possible effects of scanner noise on beat perception. Results showed that beat finding and tapping recruited largely overlapping brain regions, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG), premotor cortex, and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC). Beat tapping activity in STG and VLPFC was correlated with both perception and performance, suggesting that they are important for retrieving, selecting, and maintaining the musical beat. In contrast BG activity was similar in all conditions and was not correlated with either perception or production, suggesting that it may be involved in detecting auditory temporal regularity or in associating auditory stimuli with a motor response. Importantly, functional connectivity analyses showed that these systems interact, indicating that more basic sensorimotor mechanisms instantiated in the BG work in tandem with higher-order cognitive mechanisms in PFC.
Fish bone fermented using
(FBF) has total phenols and functional amino acids that contribute to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Colorectal cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers ...and the third largest cause of death worldwide, has become a serious threat to global health. This study investigates the anti-cancer effects of FBF (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/mL) on the cell growth and molecular mechanism of HCT-116 cells. The HCT-116 cell treatment with 2.5 or 5 mg/mL of FBF for 24 h significantly decreased cell viability (
< 0.05). The S and G2/M phases significantly increased by 88-105% and 25-43%, respectively (
< 0.05). Additionally, FBF increased the mRNA expression of caspase 8 (38-77%), protein expression of caspase 3 (34-94%), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (31-34%) and induced apoptosis (236-773%) of HCT-116 cells (
< 0.05). FBF also increased microtubule-associated protein 1B light chain 3 (LC3) (38-48%) and phosphoinositide 3 kinase class III (PI3K III) (32-53%) protein expression, thereby inducing autophagy (26-52%) of HCT-116 cells (
< 0.05). These results showed that FBF could inhibit HCT-116 cell growth by inducing S and G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle, apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, FBF has the potential to treat colorectal cancer.
Recent years, algal polysaccharides were mainly investigated for pharmaceutical, nutraceuticals and biomedical applications due to their promising bioactive properties. Moreover, it is now becoming a ...potential source for several non-medical and non-food applications in which biofuels are a major sector. The marine algae contain a variety of polysaccharides comprising 15–75% of dry biomass, including mucopolysaccharides, structured as well as storage polysaccharides. Industrial and dietary use of algal polysaccharide is on the rise, having an economic global impact. They have been industrially used as stabilizers, emulsifiers, thickeners, animal feed, foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals among others. Despite its low calorie and fat content, seaweed contains a significant amount of fiber (polysaccharide) that is beneficial to the digestive system. In industries for pharmaceuticals and biomedicine, alginates, fucoidans, ulvans, carrageenans, and chitin are becoming increasingly important. In fact, little research has been conducted on microalgal polysaccharides, linking their chemical structure with their biological activity. Moreover, with breakthrough technologies viable microalgal cultivation and improved carbohydrate production must be developed. Several studies highlighted the recent updates on microalgae, their key challenges in production and characterization of microalgal polysaccharides but lacking connection of chemical structure and functionality. The present review provides a brief summary of the key advances in the feasible production strategies of microalgal polysaccharides to make its extraction economically feasible, review on recent cost-effective extraction and purification methods. Moreover, analyzed structure divergence and tried to correlate their chemical structure with functionality prior to describing its broader potential beyond its existing applications.
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