Noninvasive techniques, such as breath tests (urea breath test), blood pressure measurements using a sphygmomanometer and electrocardiography, were employed by a physician to perform classical ...diagnosis. The use of state-of-the-art noninvasive therapies at the organ level in modern medicine has gradually become possible. However, cancer treatment demands spatially and temporally controlled noninvasive therapy at the cell level because nonspecific toxicity often causes complicated side effects. To increase survival in cancer patients further, combination therapy and combination drugs are explored which demand high specificity to avoid combined-drug side effects. We believe that high specificity could be obtained by implementing near-infrared (NIR) light-assisted nanoparticles in photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. To refine this therapy and subsequently achieve high efficiency, novel nanomaterials have been designed and modified either to enhance the uptake and drug delivery to the cancer site, or control treatment to administer therapy efficiently. These modifications and developments have been demonstrated to achieve spatial and temporal control when conducting an in vivo xenograft, because the NIR light penetrated effectively the biological tissue. The nanoplatforms discussed in this review are grouped under the following subheadings: Au nanorods (NRs), Au nanoshells, other Au-related nanomaterials, graphene oxide, upconversion nanoparticles, and other related materials (including materials such as CuS, Fe3O4-related systems, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)).
In recent years, hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention owing to their low cost, easy fabrication, and high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, ...solution‐processed perovskite films usually show substantial structural disorders, resulting in ion defects on the surface of lattice and grain boundaries. Herein, a series of D–π–A porphyrins coded as CS0, CS1, and CS2 that can effectively passivate the perovskite surface, increase VOC and FF, reduce the hysteresis effect, enhance power conversion efficiency to be higher than 22%, and improve the device stability is developed. The results in this study demonstrated that the donor–π–acceptor type porphyrin derivatives are promising passivators that can improve the cell performance of PSCs.
A series of donor–π–acceptor porphyrins coded as CS0, CS1, and CS2 that can effectively passivate the perovskite surface, increase VOC and FF, reduce the hysteresis effect, enhance power conversion efficiency to be higher than 22%, and improve the device stability have been developed.
A
bstract
We study real-time correlators for
N
= 4 super Yang Mill fields coupled to a pair of entangled quarks using holography, in the setup that energy quanta sent from one quark perturb the ...quantum state of the fields and affect the other quark. We make the connection with the ER=EPR conjecture by considering the situation when two quarks are uniformly accelerating opposite to each other. The dynamics of quarks, in the gravity dual, is described by the string worldsheet theory, which in this case has the induced metric describing a two-sided AdS black hole, or a wormhole. Energy quanta sent by one of the quarks produce the shock wave on the worldsheet. We find the effect of shock wave on the boundary field correlators and we discuss the consequence for the ER=EPR conjecture.
A series of new D2h symmetric porphyrins (MDA4, MTA4, and MDA8) with donor‐π‐donor structures have been synthesized as the hole‐transporting materials for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The novel ...porphyrin molecules feature a D2h symmetrically substituted ZnII porphyrin core and two kinds of donor systems (diarylamine (DAA) and triarylamine (TAA)), which can regulate energy level, increase thermal stability, solubility, and hydrophobicity via long alkoxyl chains. PSC devices based on MDA4 as the HTM showed impressive power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.67 % under AM1.5G solar illumination. Notably, the device was sent for certification, and a PCE of 22.19 % was reported, representing the highest PCE from porphyrin‐based HTMs. Furthermore, the MDA4‐based PSCs showed excellent thermal stability under 60 °C and RH 60 % and preserved 88 % of initial performance after 360 hours. The strategy opens a new avenue for developing efficient and stable porphyrin HTMs for PSCs.
New D2h symmetric porphyrin hole‐transporting materials were synthesized for high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells. The best device based on MDA4 with two diphenylamino groups directly attached to the porphyrin core exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 22.67 % (certified value of 22.19 %) with exceptional thermal stability. The novel strategy paves the way for efficient and stable PSCs with porphyrin HTMs.
A series of new double fence porphyrin dyes bJS1–bJS3, with eight long alkoxyl chains attached to four β‐phenyl groups, have been designed and synthesized. The single fence meso‐substituted ...counterparts mJS1–mJS3 were also prepared as reference dyes. Dyes bJS1–bJS3 and mJS1–mJS3 exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 8.03–10.69 % and 2.33–6.69 %, respectively. Based on photovoltaic studies, the remarkable cell performance of double fence porphyrin sensitizers can be attributed to reduced dye aggregation and a decreased charge‐recombination rate. Notably, porphyrins bJS2 and bJS3 exhibit better efficiency than the benchmark YD2‐o‐C8 (9.83 % in this work), demonstrating that the double fence structure is a promising design strategy for efficient porphyrin sensitizers in high‐performance DSSCs.
Double fence porphyrin dyes bJS1–bJS3 were designed and synthesized for high‐efficiency dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Compared to typical single fence porphyrin dyes, double fence porphyrins show reduced dye aggregation and charge recombination, which has been evidenced with photovoltaic data and an improved solar cell device performance.
New anthracene‐bridged organic dyes CXC12 and CXC22 are designed and synthesized for high‐efficiency dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) under dim light. Compared to their parent dye TY6, CXC dyes ...have additional anthracene‐acetylene group to extend the π‐conjugation of the molecules, resulting in red‐shifted absorption and an enhanced molar extinction coefficient. The absorption spectra of CXC12 and CXC22 with a maximum located at 561 and 487 nm, respectively, match to those of AM 1.5G sunlight and T5 fluorescent light better than that of TY6 (419 nm). It was initially anticipated that long alkoxyl chains introduced to the 2,6‐position of the bridged anthracenyl in CXC12 will retard charge recombination and dye molecular aggregation, and achieve a higher device open‐circuit voltage. However, adsorption of CXC12 molecules on the photoanode dramatically decrease to less than half as compared to that of CXC22 and TY6, resulting in lower short‐circuit current and thus power conversion efficiency. Among these three anthracene‐based dyes, CXC22 has the most appropriate molecular structure for light harvesting and striking the balance between dye loading and molecular aggregation, to exhibit a remarkable power conversion efficiency as high as 37.07% under dim‐light. Therefore, this work shows the potential of anthracene‐bridged organic dyes for indoor photovoltaic applications.
Bis‐anthracene‐based organic dye CXC22 is synthesized for high‐efficiency dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) that exhibit a remarkable power conversion efficiency as high as 37.07% under dim light. CXC22 has stronger and red‐shifted absorption due to a more extensive π‐backbone of in its molecular skeleton compared to its parent dye TY6, showing the potential of anthracene‐based dyes for indoor photovoltaics.
Herein, we employ a galvanic replacement approach to create atomically dispersed Au on degradable zero-valent Cu nanocubes for tumor treatments on female mice. Controlling the addition of precursor ...HAuCl
allows for the fabrication of different atomic ratios of Au
Cu
. X-ray absorption near edge spectra indicates that Au and Cu are the predominant oxidation states of zero valence. This suggests that the charges of Au and Cu remain unchanged after galvanic replacement. Specifically, Au
Cu
composition reveals the enhanced •OH generation following O
→ H
O
→ •OH. The degradable Au
Cu
released Cu
and Cu
resulting in oxygen reduction and Fenton-like reactions. Simulation studies indicate that Au single atoms boot zero-valent copper to reveal the catalytic capability of Au
Cu
for O
→ H
O
→ •OH as well. Instead of using endogenous H
O
, H
O
can be sourced from the O
in the air through the use of nanocubes. Notably, the Au
Cu
structure is degradable and renal-clearable.
B cells expressing high affinity antigen receptors are advantaged in germinal centers (GC), perhaps by increased acquisition of antigen for presentation to follicular helper T cells and improved ...T-cell help. In this model for affinity-dependent selection, the density of peptide/MHCII (pMHCII) complexes on GC B cells is the primary determinant of selection. Here we show in chimeric mice populated by B cells differing only in their capacity to express MHCII (MHCII
and MHCII
) that GC selection is insensitive to halving pMHCII density. Alone, both B cell types generate identical humoral responses; in competition, MHCII
B cells are preferentially recruited to early GCs but this advantage does not persist once GCs are established. During GC responses, competing MHCII
and MHCII
GC B cells comparably accumulate mutations and have indistinguishable rates of affinity maturation. We conclude that B-cell selection by pMHCII density is stringent in the establishment of GCs, but relaxed during GC responses.
Porphyrins have drawn much attention as sensitizers owing to the large absorption coefficients of their Soret and Q bands in the visible region. In a donor and acceptor zinc porphyrin we applied a ...new strategy of introducing 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTD) as a π‐conjugated linker between the anchoring group and the porphyrin chromophore to broaden the absorption spectra to fill the valley between the Soret and Q bands. With this novel approach, we observed 12.75 % power‐conversion efficiency under simulated one‐sun illumination (AM1.5G, 100 mW cm−2). In this study, we showed the importance of introducing the phenyl group as a spacer between the BTD and the zinc porphyrin in achieving high power‐conversion efficiencies. Time‐resolved fluorescence, transient‐photocurrent‐decay, and transient‐photovoltage‐decay measurements were employed to determine the electron‐injection dynamics and the lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers.
Not just to fill a gap: Porphyrins are promising sensitizers owing to the large absorption coefficients of their Soret and Q bands in the visible region. The incorporation of a 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole moiety in a donor–acceptor zinc porphyrin as a π‐conjugated linker between the anchoring group and the chromophore (see structure) broadened the absorption spectra to fill the valley between the Soret and Q bands and led to efficient power conversion.
In this article, we propose a secure and effective blockchain-enabled privacy-preserving authentication scheme for the transportation cyber-physical system (CPS) with the cloud-edge computing ...environment, which supports unconditional anonymity and data batch integrity verification while greatly simplifying key management issues. The proposed privacy-preserving authentication scheme employs an elliptic curve to construct a pairing-free ring signature scheme, which greatly reduces the resources overhead in the transportation CPS with cloud-edge computing. Moreover, the authentication process is performed on the blockchain to provide more reliable service information for vehicular communication. Furthermore, the security proof of the scheme is demonstrated based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem under the random oracle model, and gives the corresponding security analysis. Finally, a simulation experiment demonstrates that the proposed scheme is feasible compared with the existing schemes.
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