This study examined the effects of the misallocation of talent between the government and private enterprise sectors on innovation. By using the 2005 inter-census population survey and patent ...database, we find a negative correlation between misallocation of talent and innovation intensity. Exploring possible mechanisms, we conclude that this negative correlation between misallocation of talent and innovation was best explained by the negative impact of such misallocation upon entrepreneurship and R&D spending. That is, misallocations of talent reduce the willingness of people to be productive Schumpeterian entrepreneurs, and the majority of companies affected by such misallocation are reluctant to increase R&D spending. Most importantly, we find that excessive talent enters government departments in prefectures worse the suppression of innovation. This result sheds new light on the important role of allocation of talent on innovation for scholars and policymakers. Our findings have important implications for how to effectively allocate talent between the government vs.enterprise sectors in order to encourage more productive, value-creating activities.
The purpose of the paper is to outline the empirical framework of the model of the impact misallocation of human capital on productivity (TFP).Using provincial panel data from 2001 to 2015, this ...paper studies the effect of the misallocation of human capital on productivity in China. We find that misallocation of human capital reduces China's productivity significantly. Most importantly, we argue that the important channels through which misallocation of human capital affects productivity are industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation and labour productivity. Furthermore, counterfactual experiments show that eliminating the labour mismatch between industries completely could be associated with an increase in productivity of around 41% for the whole sample in China. The results suggest correcting the current imperfections of incentives in non-productive sectors, where encouraging more human capital to work in high-tech enterprises may be a vital measure to stimulate the development of emerging economies.
Antibodies testing in the coronavirus era is frequently promoted, but the underlying statistics behind their validation has come under more scrutiny in recent weeks. We provide calculations, ...interpretations, and plots of positive and negative predictive values under a variety of scenarios. Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity are estimated within ranges of values from researchers and antibodies manufacturers. Illustrative examples are highlighted, and interactive plots are provided in the Supplementary Information. Implications are discussed for society overall and across diverse locations with different levels of disease burden. Specifically, the proportion of positive serology tests that are false can differ drastically from up to 3%-88% for people from different places with different proportions of infected people in the populations while the false negative rate is typically under 10%.
The rock mass can be unstable due to the coupling effect of stress and seepage field, adversely affected by the geological field conditions. In this regard, this study implemented a 3D digital image ...correlation (3D-DIC) technique to conduct triaxial compression tests on sandstone samples under different seepage pressures. We analysed the evolution of strength and permeability during the rock failure process and space-time evolution of the surface radial strain. The results show that the strength and brittleness of the rock decrease with increasing seepage pressure. Further, the mechanical properties of the rock sensitive to were highly dependent on the seepage pressure. We also established a function model of permeability and axial strain consistent with the test results. By analysing the radial-strain-field of the rock surface at specific time points, we observed a gradual process of strain localisation instead of a sudden occurrence before failure. We extracted the spatial coordinates of the first 5% radial strain and subsequently conducted the spatial relation analysis by average-nearest-neighbour-analysis (ANNA). In addition, the approximate failure surface was fitted using the first 5% radial strain points in space, and the distance between the radial strain points and the fitted failure surface in space was analysed. This study shows that points with large strain values gradually converged towards the location of the fracture surface during the gradual failure process of the rock. Finally, this study provides a new method for predicting the failure zones of rock.
Cluster analysis is utilized frequently in scientific theory and applications to separate data into groups. A key assumption in many clustering algorithms is that the data was generated from a ...population consisting of multiple distinct clusters. Clusterability testing allows users to question the inherent assumption of latent cluster structure, a theoretical requirement for meaningful results in cluster analysis.
This paper proposes methods for clusterability testing designed for high-dimensional data by utilizing sparse principal component analysis. Type I error and power of the clusterability tests are evaluated using simulated data with different types of cluster structure in high dimensions. Empirical performance of the new methods is evaluated and compared with prior methods on gene expression, microarray, and shotgun proteomics data. Our methods had reasonably low Type I error and maintained power for many datasets with a variety of structures and dimensions. Cluster structure was not detectable in other datasets with spatially close clusters.
This is the first analysis of clusterability testing on both simulated and real-world high-dimensional data.
The gypsum and calcite scaling propensities of the thin-film composite polyamide (PA-TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, modified with a tethered surface layer of polyacrylic acid (PAA) chains, was ...evaluated and compared to the scaling of selected commercial RO membranes. The tethered PAA layer was synthesized onto a commercial polyamide membrane (i.e., base-PA) via atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization (APPIGP). The PAA nano-structured (SNS) base-PA membrane (SNS-PAA-PA) was scaled to a lesser degree, as quantified by a lower permeate flux decline and surface imaging, relative to the tested commercial membranes (Dow SW30, Toray SWRO, and BWRO). The cleaning of gypsum-scaled membranes with D.I. water flushing achieved 100% water permeability recovery for both the SNS-PAA-PA and Dow SW30 membranes, relative to 92-98% permeability restoration for the Toray membranes. The calcium carbonate scaling of SNS-PAA-PA membranes was also lower relative to the commercial membranes, but permeability recovery after D.I. water cleaning was somewhat lower (94%) but consistent with the level of surface scale coverage. In contrast, the calcite and gypsum-scaled membrane areas of the commercial membranes post-cleaning were significantly higher than for the SNS-PAA-PA membrane but with 100% permeability recovery, suggesting the potential for membrane damage when mineral scaling is severe.
By studying the mechanical characteristics of sandstone, particularly its acoustic emission (AE) behaviour and fracture morphology, we can obtain insights into its deformation, stress, and fracture ...mechanisms, thus promoting knowledge in the field of geology. In this work, the mechanical properties of sandstone samples with different joint angles were investigated by applying shear force and observing the fracture propagation trend on a microscopic scale, using an AE-based technique. The experimental results demonstrated that the fracture expansion trend altered from a shearing fracture, which developed from the top to the lower areas of the samples, to a tensile fracture in the middle area of the samples and escalated in the angled joints; in particular, the severity of the fracture maximised at a joint angle of 60°. The energy released during the crack formation can be indicated by the decibels produced from the AE signal. While investigating the AE signals of the samples during shearing, it was determined that the decibels obeyed a Gaussian distribution centred at 50–69 dB. The surface fractures were macroscopically analysed through the self-defined fracture dispersion and fractal dimension, revealing that as the joint angle increased, the fracture dispersion initially increased and subsequently decreased, reaching its maximum at 60°, whereas the fractal dimension constantly increased. Through our investigation on the mechanical properties, main failure modes, AE characteristics, and microscopic features of sandstone, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for fracture propagation both on a macroscopic and microscopic scale and provide theoretical insight in the field of geological disaster.
•The fracture propagation direction is related to the rock joint angles.•The rock shear failure pattern changes under different joint angles.•The failure of large joint angle rock is mainly caused by tensile fracture.•Acoustic emission signal decibels obey Gaussian distribution.•Using fractal and statistical methods to study the fracture extension.
How genomic and transcriptomic alterations affect the functional proteome in lung cancer is not fully understood. Here, we integrate DNA copy number, somatic mutations, RNA-sequencing, and expression ...proteomics in a cohort of 108 squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) patients. We identify three proteomic subtypes, two of which (Inflamed, Redox) comprise 87% of tumors. The Inflamed subtype is enriched with neutrophils, B-cells, and monocytes and expresses more PD-1. Redox tumours are enriched for oxidation-reduction and glutathione pathways and harbor more NFE2L2/KEAP1 alterations and copy gain in the 3q2 locus. Proteomic subtypes are not associated with patient survival. However, B-cell-rich tertiary lymph node structures, more common in Inflamed, are associated with better survival. We identify metabolic vulnerabilities (TP63, PSAT1, and TFRC) in Redox. Our work provides a powerful resource for lung SCC biology and suggests therapeutic opportunities based on redox metabolism and immune cell infiltrates.
Melanoma cells have the ability to switch to a dedifferentiated, invasive phenotype in response to multiple stimuli. Here, we show that exposure of melanomas to multiple stresses including BRAF-MEK ...inhibitor therapy, hypoxia, and UV irradiation leads to an increase in histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) activity and the adoption of a drug-resistant phenotype. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics implicated HDAC8 in the regulation of MAPK and AP-1 signaling. Introduction of HDAC8 into drug-naïve melanoma cells conveyed resistance both
and
. HDAC8-mediated BRAF inhibitor resistance was mediated via receptor tyrosine kinase activation, leading to MAPK signaling. Although HDACs function at the histone level, they also regulate nonhistone substrates, and introduction of HDAC8 decreased the acetylation of c-Jun, increasing its transcriptional activity and enriching for an AP-1 gene signature. Mutation of the putative c-Jun acetylation site at lysine 273 increased transcriptional activation of c-Jun in melanoma cells and conveyed resistance to BRAF inhibition.
xenograft studies confirmed the key role of HDAC8 in therapeutic adaptation, with both nonselective and HDAC8-specific inhibitors enhancing the durability of BRAF inhibitor therapy. Our studies demonstrate that HDAC8-specific inhibitors limit the adaptation of melanoma cells to multiple stresses including BRAF-MEK inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides evidence that HDAC8 drives transcriptional plasticity in melanoma cells in response to a range of stresses through direct deacetylation of c-Jun.
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/11/2947/F1.large.jpg.
In engineering geological disasters, the presence of water can accelerate rock mass fracture, and the state of the seepage field has a varying influence on the elastic behaviour of rock mass. A ...three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) system is used to conduct triaxial compression tests on sandstone under different seepage conditions. The variation law of rock mechanical behaviour and the space–time evolution law of the surface radial strain field in the progressive failure process are analysed. The results show that, as the seepage pressure increases, the rock peak stress decreases and the Young's modulus increases, and the mechanical properties of the rock are easily affected by the varying seepage conditions. Meanwhile, a constitutive equation based on the Gumbel distribution, which can accurately reflect the axial stress–strain relationship in the rock failure process is established. By analysing the spatial distribution of virtual data points with large radial strain values at different times on the sample surface, a patent strain localisation phenomenon is identified in the progressive failure process of the rock. The localisation degree and extent of the failure area can be quantified using the average nearest-neighbour analysis (ANNA) and user-defined parameter S, which is used to normalise the average distance from the virtual data points to the fitted fracture surface. The results show that, with the continuous compression of samples under different seepage conditions, ANN decreases as S increases, and the large strain regional distribution is increasingly concentrated. The research results can be applied to predict surrounding rock failure areas in underground spaces and provide monitoring references with respect to engineering geological disasters under different seepage conditions.
•A 3D-DIC method was used to monitor the triaxial compression tests of sandstone under different seepage conditions.•A constitutive equation based on the Gumbel distribution was established.•Space-time evolution law of the surface strain field was analysed during the gradual failure process of the rock.
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