We use a new method to estimate the injected mass composition of ultrahigh cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies higher than 10 EeV. The method is based on comparison of the energy-dependent distribution ...of cosmic ray arrival directions as measured by the Telescope Array experiment (TA) with that calculated in a given putative model of UHECR under the assumption that sources trace the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe. As we report in the companion letter, the TA data show large deflections with respect to the LSS which can be explained, assuming small extra-galactic magnetic fields (EGMF), by an intermediate composition changing to a heavy one (iron) in the highest energy bin. Here we show that these results are robust to uncertainties in UHECR injection spectra, the energy scale of the experiment and galactic magnetic fields (GMF). The assumption of weak EGMF, however, strongly affects this interpretation at all but the highest energies E > 100 EeV, where the remarkable isotropy of the data implies a heavy injected composition even in the case of strong EGMF. This result also holds if UHECR sources are as rare as \(2 \times 10^{-5}\) Mpc\(^{-3}\), that is the conservative lower limit for the source number density.
We report an estimation of the injected mass composition of ultra-high energy
cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies higher than 10 EeV. The composition is
inferred from an energy-dependent sky ...distribution of UHECR events observed by
the Telescope Array surface detector by comparing it to the Large Scale
Structure of the local Universe. In the case of negligible extra-galactic
magnetic fields the results are consistent with a relatively heavy injected
composition at E ~ 10 EeV that becomes lighter up to E ~ 100 EeV, while the
composition at E > 100 EeV is very heavy. The latter is true even in the
presence of highest experimentally allowed extra-galactic magnetic fields,
while the composition at lower energies can be light if a strong EGMF is
present. The effect of the uncertainty in the galactic magnetic field on these
results is subdominant.
Abstract We report 2 cases of patients (75 and 81 years old) who had a femoral shaft fracture around the femoral prosthesis after total hip arthroplasty. Using information on the implanted stem and ...the preoperative radiographs, we cut and trimmed an ordinary supracondylar type intramedullary nail, after which we have termed a “docking nail.” We then performed osteosynthesis using the docking nail, which is connected to the tip of the implanted stem to ensure proper alignment. Within 3 months, bony union with good alignment was observed in both patients without malunion or infection. Clinical and radiographic examination during the follow-up period showed good results. The advantages of this method are that it is less invasive and simpler compared with the conventional methods.
The final oscillation analysis of the complete set of data collected by CHORUS in the years 1994–1997 is presented. Reconstruction algorithms of data extracted by electronic detectors were improved ...and the data recorded in the emulsion target were analysed by new automated scanning systems, allowing the use of a new method for event reconstruction in emulsion. CHORUS has applied these new techniques to the sample of 1996–1997 events for which no muons were observed in the electronic detectors. Combining the new sample with the data analysed in previous papers, the overall sensitivity of the experiment to the
ν
τ
appearance is thus improved. In a two-neutrino mixing scheme, a 90% C.L. upper limit of
sin
2
2
θ
μ
τ
<
4.4
×
10
−4
is set for large
Δ
m
2
, improving by a factor 1.5 the previously published CHORUS result.
Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has a ...huge potential in astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. CTA is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV to 10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100 GeV and above 100 TeV. CTA will consist of two arrays (one in the north, one in the south) for full sky coverage and will be operated as open observatory. The design of CTA is based on currently available technology. This document reports on the status and presents the major design concepts of CTA.
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