Cutaneous allodynia (CA) is a pain in response to non-nociceptive stimulation and a marker of central sensitisation. Probable migraine (PM) is a migraine subtype that fulfils all but one criterion of ...migraine. Headache intensity and the disability of individuals with PM are similar or lower than individuals with migraine. This study compared CA prevalence and characteristics of PM and migraine using a nationally representative sample in Korea. The Allodynia Symptom Checklist-12 (ASC-12) was used to assess CA (ASC-12 score ≥ 3). PM and migraine prevalence were 11.6% and 5.0%, respectively. CA prevalence did not significantly differ between PM and migraine (14.5% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.701). Participants with PM with CA reported a higher monthly headache frequency (3.3 ± 4.3 vs. 1.8 ± 3.6, p = 0.044), more severe headache intensity (Visuals Analogue Scale, 6.0 4.0-7.0 vs. 5.0 3.0-6.0, p = 0.002), and higher impact of headache (Headache Impact Test-6, 56.3 ± 7.2 vs. 48.3 ± 8.0, p < 0.001) than those without CA. Multiple regression analyses revealed that headache frequency and intensity, anxiety, and depression were significant factors for CA in participants with PM. In conclusion, CA prevalence among participants with PM and migraine were comparable. Anxiety, depression, and headache frequency and intensity were significant factors for CA in participants with PM.
This paper proposed a modulation scheme for the dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter to reduce rms current in wide-range operating conditions. The operating principle of the proposed fundamental duty ...modulation (FDM) is formulated based on the fundamental component analysis of the DAB converter. By modulating the PWM signals in the fundamental component domain, the optimal operation is implemented with a simple controller structure not requiring an operating mode classification, offline calculation, or current information. Operating characteristics including rms current level and ZVS characteristics are analyzed to compare loss breakdowns of the proposed scheme to those of recent related works. The proposed FDM achieves high efficiency under wide operation conditions due to reduced conduction level and wide ZVS range. Experimental results are obtained under various voltage gain and load conditions to confirm the operation of the proposed modulation scheme. A thorough experimental comparison with other sophisticated modulation schemes has verified the efficiency improvement of FDM.
Although coffee is one of the most consumed caffeinated beverages worldwide, the role of coffee consumption in migraine is controversial. This study examined the relationship between coffee ...consumption and clinical characteristics in participants with migraine compared to those with non-migraine headache. This cross-sectional study used data from a nationwide survey on headache and sleep. Coffee consumption was classified as no-to-low (< 1 cup/day), moderate (1-2 cups/day), or high (≥ 3 cups/day). Of the 3030 survey participants, 170 (5.6%) and 1,768 (58.3%) were identified as having migraine and non-migraine headache, respectively. Coffee consumption tended to increase in the order of non-headache, non-migraine headache, and migraine (linear-by-linear association, p = 0.011). Although psychiatric comorbidities (depression for migraine and anxiety for non-migraine headache) and stress significantly differed according to coffee consumption, most headache characteristics and accompanying symptoms did not differ among the three groups for participants with migraine and non-migraine headache. Response to acute headache treatment-adjusted for age, sex, depression, anxiety, stress, preventive medication use, and current smoking-was not significantly different by coffee consumption in participants with migraine and non-migraine headache. In conclusion, most headache-related characteristics and acute treatment response did not significantly differ by coffee consumption in migraine and non-migraine headache.
Gangliosides have been known to play a role in the regulation of apoptosis in cancer cells. This study has employed disialyl-ganglioside GD1b to apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using ...exogenous treatment of the cells with GD1b and endogenous expression of GD1b in MCF-7 cells. First, apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was observed after treatment of GD1b. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with GD1b reduced cell growth rates in a dose and time dependent manner during GD1b treatment, as determined by XTT assay. Among the various gangliosides, GD1b specifically induced apoptosis of the MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays showed that GD1b specifically induces apoptosis in the MCF-7 cells with Annexin V binding for apoptotic actions in early stage and propidium iodide (PI) staining the nucleus of the MCF-7 cells. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with GD1b activated apoptotic molecules such as processed forms of caspase-8, -7 and PARP (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase), without any change in the expression of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis molecules such as Bax and Bcl-2. Second, to investigate the effect of endogenously produced GD1b on the regulation of cell function, UDP-gal: β1,3-galactosyltransferase-2 (GD1b synthase, Gal-T2) gene has been transfected into the MCF-7 cells. Using the GD1b synthase-transfectants, apoptosis-related signal proteins linked to phenotype changes were examined. Similar to the exogenous GD1b treatment, the cell growth of the GD1b synthase gene-transfectants was significantly suppressed compared with the vector-transfectant cell lines and transfection activated the apoptotic molecules such as processed forms of caspase-8, -7 and PARP, but not the levels of expression of Bax and Bcl-2. GD1b-induced apoptosis was blocked by caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD. Therefore, taken together, it was concluded that GD1b could play an important role in the regulation of breast cancer apoptosis.
Although Li2MnO3 exhibits high capacity via anionic oxygen redox, it suffers from rapid capacity decay owing to structural disordering accompanying irreversible Mn migration and O2 release. To ...promote the reversibility of the anionic redox reaction, Li1.8Mg0.3Mn0.9O3 as a novel cathode material, prepared by partially substituting Li+ and Mn4+ of Li2MnO3 with the redox‐inactive Mg2+ as a structural stabilizer is proposed. Li1.8Mg0.3Mn0.9O3 delivers a high specific capacity and energy density of ≈310 mAh g−1 and ≈915 Wh kg−1, respectively. In particular, the power‐capability and cycle performance of Li1.8Mg0.3Mn0.9O3 greatly surpass those of Li2MnO3. Through first‐principles calculations and various experiments, it is revealed that Mg substitution effectively suppresses the Mn migration by stabilizing Mn cations in the original sites at the charged state. The energetically stabilized layered structure disfavors the distortion of the MnO6 octahedra, which induces the oxygen dimer (OO) formation through the metal–oxygen decoordination, thus mitigating oxygen release.
Li1.8Mg0.3Mn0.9O3 as a promising cathode material, prepared by partially substituting Li+ and Mn4+ of Li2MnO3 with the redox‐inactive Mg2+ as a structural stabilizer, is proposed. The power‐capability and cyclability of LMMO are greatly superior to those of LMO under the same conditions. The excellent performances promise the utilization of LMMO in Ni‐/Co‐free next‐generation LIBs.
Despite their high energy densities, Li‐rich layered oxides suffer from low capacity retention and continuous voltage decay caused by the migration of transition‐metal cations into the Li layers. The ...cation migration stabilizes oxidized oxygen anions through the decoordination of oxygen from the metal once the anions participate in the redox reaction. Structural disordering is thus considered inevitable in most Li‐rich layered oxides. However, herein, a Mg‐substituted Li‐rich layered oxide, Li1.2Mg0.2Ru0.6O2, with high structural and electrochemical stability is presented. Although using both cationic and anionic redox reactions, Ru migration in Li1.2−xMg0.2Ru0.6O2 is thermodynamically unfavored as a result of selectively oxidized O ions, suppressed structural disordering, and the formation of short (1.75 Å) Ru=O bonds enabled within the layered framework, which effectively decoordinate the oxidized O ions. The unprecedentedly high structural stability of Li1.2Mg0.2Ru0.6O2 leads to not only a high energy density of 964 Wh kg−1 but also outstanding rate capability and cycle performance. These findings demonstrate the potential of this practical strategy for the stabilization of Li‐rich layered oxides even with prolonged cycling.
In Li1.2Mg0.2Ru0.6O2, structural disordering by the Ru‐migration is thermodynamically suppressed even after O2−/O1− anionic redox. Moreover, the heterogenous local environment around oxygen due to Mg substitution induces selective anionic redox, which results in improved structural stability. It exhibits high energy density of 964 Wh kg−1 and outstanding cyclability of 83% capacity retention after 300 cycles.
The surface hydrophilization of mixed plastic waste aggregates (MPAs) was conducted to improve the bond between an MPA and the surrounding cement matrix using two types of coating agents: a silicone ...amine resin and acrylic binders. The coating agents formed a physical bond with the MPAs, and the results of contact angle measurement also revealed that the surface of MPAs was hydrophilic. The workability of a mortar mix increased by up to 1.47 times with the surface hydrophilization of MPAs. Meanwhile, the compressive and flexural strengths of mortar mixes decreased by 29~43% and 72~86%, respectively, at 28 days with the surface hydrophilization of MPAs. Namely, the surface hydrophilization of MPAs was successively conducted, and the workability of mortar mixes was improved accordingly, but the compressive and flexural strengths of mortar mixes decreased as the physical bond was partially separated from not only the MPA but also the surrounding cement matrix and the surface friction was decreased.
In this study, we demonstrate that the initial morphology of nanoparticles can be transformed into small fragmented nanoparticles, which were densely contacted to each other, during electrochemical ...CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Cu-based nanoparticles were directly grown on a carbon support by using cysteamine immobilization agent, and the synthesized nanoparticle catalyst showed increasing activity during initial CO2RR, doubling Faradaic efficiency of C2H4 production from 27% to 57.3%. The increased C2H4 production activity was related to the morphological transformation over reaction time. Twenty nm cubic Cu2O crystalline particles gradually experienced in situ electrochemical fragmentation into 2–4 nm small particles under the negative potential, and the fragmentation was found to be initiated from the surface of the nanocrystal. Compared to Cu@CuO nanoparticle/C or bulk Cu foil, the fragmented Cu-based NP/C catalyst achieved enhanced C2+ production selectivity, accounting 87% of the total CO2RR products, and suppressed H2 production. In-situ X-ray absorption near edge structure studies showed metallic Cu0 state was observed under CO2RR, but the fragmented nanoparticles were more readily reoxidized at open circuit potential inside of the electrolyte, allowing labile Cu states. The unique morphology, small nanoparticles stacked upon on another, is proposed to promote C–C coupling reaction selectivity from CO2RR by suppressing HER.
The specular-reflection bistatic synthetic aperture radar configuration (SBSC) has not been widely used because of two drawbacks: the ghost target phenomenon and ground range resolution degradation. ...Hence, to obtain a bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BISAR) image in the SBSC geometry, these two problems should be solved. The ghost target phenomenon can be overcome by setting an appropriate geometry for SBSC; however, overcoming ground range resolution degradation requires an additional solution. In this study, we propose a modified range resolution improvement (RRI) method to overcome the degradation of the ground range resolution of SBSC BISAR images. First, the ghost targetphenomenon is avoided by setting an appropriate SBSC geometry. Second, a modified RRI method suited for SBSC is proposed to improve the ground range resolution of SBSC BISAR images. The drawbacks of the SBSC can be overcome using the proposed method. Various simulations, including electromagnetic analysis, were implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results show that the proposed method generates a much improved ground range resolution compared with existing methods.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant interest as gas‐sensing materials due to their unique crystal structure and surface. However, there are still issues when it comes ...to expanding the types of sensing gases for the TMD gas sensors. To extend gas‐sensing selectivity for the TMD gas sensors in this study, a monolayer (ML) 2D metal–organic framework (MOF) is introduced on top of the PtSe2 gas sensor, thereby tuning the major sensing analyte of PtSe2 from NO2 to H2S. Density functional theory calculations elucidate that the metal species of ML MOFs are attributed to the tuned selectivity of the analytes, based on the difference in binding energies. It is also demonstrated that ML MOF maintained the high responsivity of the pristine PtSe2 even at a low concentration of gas (200 ppb). This is further confirmed through the molecular dynamics simulations, which reveal that the ML feature of the ML MOF is highly essential to preserve the intrinsic ultra‐low limit detection properties of pristine PtSe2.
The monolayer 2D metal–organic framework is introduced to tune the gas‐sensing selectivity of PtSe2, one of the most promising gas‐sensing materials in transition metal dichalcogenides. The tuning mechanism is revealed by density functional theory calculations. The monolayer metal–organic framework also preserves ultra‐low detection limit of PtSe2, and it is elucidated by molecular dynamics simulation.
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