The effects of oxygen on the mechanical properties and the lattice strain of commercial pure CP) Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are discussed here in terms of the Vickers hardness, tensile strength and ...elongation. The Vickers hardness and tensile strength of the CP Ti and the Ti-6Al-4V alloys increased with an increase in the oxygen concentration. On the other hand, the elongation of the CP Ti decreased considerably as the oxygen concentration increased, while that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloys gradually decreased as the oxygen concentration increased. Thus, the oxygen concentration has a greater effect on the mechanical properties of CP Ti compared to its effects on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. This can be explained in terms of the difference in the solid solution effect of oxygen between the CP Ti and the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Where, the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were previously affected by an earlier lattice expansion caused by an increment in the c/a ratio of the Ti-6Al-4V during the Al and V alloying process.
Abstract
We report the discovery of six ultra-faint Milky Way satellites identified through matched-filter searches conducted using Dark Energy Camera (DECam) data processed as part of the second ...data release of the DECam Local Volume Exploration (DELVE) survey. Leveraging deep Gemini/GMOS-N imaging (for four candidates) as well as follow-up DECam imaging (for two candidates), we characterize the morphologies and stellar populations of these systems. We find that these candidates all share faint absolute magnitudes (
M
V
≥ −3.2 mag) and old, metal-poor stellar populations (
τ
> 10 Gyr, Fe/H < −1.4 dex). Three of these systems are more extended (
r
1/2
> 15 pc), while the other three are compact (
r
1/2
< 10 pc). From these properties, we infer that the former three systems (Boötes V, Leo Minor I, and Virgo II) are consistent with ultra-faint dwarf galaxy classifications, whereas the latter three (DELVE 3, DELVE 4, and DELVE 5) are likely ultra-faint star clusters. Using data from the Gaia satellite, we confidently measure the proper motion of Boötes V, Leo Minor I, and DELVE 4, and tentatively detect a proper-motion signal from DELVE 3 and DELVE 5; no signal is detected for Virgo II. We use these measurements to explore possible associations between the newly discovered systems and the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal, the Magellanic Clouds, and the Vast Polar Structure, finding several plausible associations. Our results offer a preview of the numerous ultra-faint stellar systems that will soon be discovered by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and highlight the challenges of classifying the faintest stellar systems.
Summary
Background
Eosinophil activation is the key feature of upper and lower airway inflammation in aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD).
Objective
To investigate the mechanism of ...eosinophil activation and identify novel inflammatory mediators using proteomics.
Methods
Thirty‐two asthmatic subjects were enrolled: 18 AERD patients who showed positive responses to the lysine‐aspirin nasal provocation test (L‐ASA NPT) and 14 aspirin‐tolerant asthma (ATA) patients who showed negative responses to the L‐ASA NPT (control group). Nasal lavage fluid (NLF) was collected before (baseline), at 10, 30 and 60 min (early response), and at 3 h (late response) after the L‐ASA NPT. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and cysteinyl leucotriene (CysLT) levels were measured using an ImmunoCAP system and ELISA respectively. To identify proteins involved in AERD, comparative proteomics was applied using NLFs collected before and after L‐ASA NPTs in AERD patients. The clinical relevance of identified novel proteins was evaluated by ELISA using NLFs from the AERD and ATA groups.
Results
Eosinophil cationic protein and CysLT levels both increased significantly during the early response in AERD. ECP levels increased until the late response in AERD, while CysLT levels were not significantly increased during the late response. Proteomic analysis showed up‐regulation of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), α2‐macroglobulin (α2M) and ceruloplasmin (CP), with significant increases in NLF of AERD patients, which was significantly higher in AERD patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Significant correlations were noted between ECP and CysLT, ApoA1, α2M and CP levels during the early response in AERD patients.
Conclusion
Eosinophil activation occurred in early and late responses after L‐ASA NPT in upper airway mucosa of AERD patients, where ApoA1, α2M and CP as well as CysLT may be involved in eosinophilic inflammation.
Background and Purpose
Spinal astrocytes have emerged as important mechanistic contributors to the genesis of mechanical allodynia (MA) in neuropathic pain. We recently demonstrated that the spinal ...sigma non‐opioid intracellular receptor 1 (σ1 receptor) modulates p38 MAPK phosphorylation (p‐p38), which plays a critical role in the induction of MA in neuropathic rats. However, the histological and physiological relationships among σ1, p‐p38 and astrocyte activation is unclear.
Experimental Approach
We investigated: (i) the precise location of σ1 receptors and p‐p38 in spinal dorsal horn; (ii) whether the inhibition of σ1 receptors or p38 modulates chronic constriction injury (CCI)‐induced astrocyte activation; and (iii) whether this modulation of astrocyte activity is associated with MA development in CCI mice.
Key Results
The expression of σ1 receptors was significantly increased in astrocytes on day 3 following CCI surgery. Sustained intrathecal treatment with the σ1 antagonist, BD‐1047, attenuated CCI‐induced increase in GFAP‐immunoreactive astrocytes, and the treatment combined with fluorocitrate, an astrocyte metabolic inhibitor, synergistically reduced the development of MA, but not thermal hyperalgesia. The number of p‐p38‐ir astrocytes and neurons, but not microglia was significantly increased. Interestingly, intrathecal BD‐1047 attenuated the expression of p‐p38 selectively in astrocytes but not in neurons. Moreover, intrathecal treatment with a p38 inhibitor attenuated the GFAP expression, and this treatment combined with fluorocitrate synergistically blocked the induction of MA.
Conclusions and Implications
Spinal σ1 receptors are localized in astrocytes and blockade of σ1 receptors inhibits the pathological activation of astrocytes via modulation of p‐p38, which ultimately prevents the development of MA in neuropathic mice.
A variety of adipocytokines and peptides secreted from adipocytes have been considered to play a crucial role in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Recently, visfatin, a new ...adipocytokine, known as a pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor, has been isolated from visceral fat deposits. It has been shown to activate insulin receptors in a manner different from insulin. To understand the role of adipocytokines in improving insulin sensitivity via activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and -γ (PPAR-γ), we examined the expression of visfatin, adiponectin, and TNF-α in visceral fat depots of Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats from early to advanced diabetic stage (from 28 to 40 weeks of age). Serum glucose and insulin concentrations significantly (
P
<
0.05) decreased in rosiglitazone or fenofibrate-treated OLETF rats compared to untreated OLETF rats. Rosiglitazone significantly increased serum adiponectin concentration from 20 to 40 weeks of age (
P
<
0.05), whereas fenofibrate reduced TNF-α concentration. The expression of visfatin and adiponectin mRNA in visceral fat deposits was elevated by rosiglitazone or fenofibrate treatments when compared to untreated OLETF rats (
P
<
0.05), whereas, TNF-α mRNA was down-regulated by these drugs (
P
<
0.05). These results suggest that rosiglitazone and fenofibrate may prevent type 2 diabetes by regulating adipocytokines including visfatin, adiponectin, and TNF-α.
The unique optical properties of metals are at the core of many areas of research and applications, including plasmonics, metamaterials, superlensing and subdiffraction focusing, optical antennas and ...surface enhanced Raman scattering. One important length scale inherent in metamaterials and plasmonics research activities in the microwave, terahertz, infrared, visible and ultraviolet ranges is the skin depth of metal, which remains at the submicrometre level throughout the broad spectral range. One prominent question is whether terahertz electromagnetic waves can be controlled on the nanoscale to achieve new functionalities in the sub-skin-depth regime. Here, we show that a λ/30,000 slit on metal film acts as a nanogap-capacitor charged by light-induced currents, enhancing the electric field by orders of magnitudes.
We report a search result for a light sterile neutrino oscillation with roughly 2200 live days of data in the RENO experiment. The search is performed by electron antineutrino (νe) disappearance ...taking place between six 2.8 GW th reactors and two identical detectors located at 294 m (near) and 1383 m (far) from the center of the reactor array. A spectral comparison between near and far detectors can explore reactor νe oscillations to a light sterile neutrino. An observed spectral difference is found to be consistent with that of the three-flavor oscillation model. This yields limits on sin 22θ14 in the 10−4 ≲ | Δm412 | ≲ 0.5 eV2 region, free from reactor νe flux and spectrum uncertainties. The RENO result provides the most stringent limits on sterile neutrino mixing at | Δm412 | ≲ 0.002 eV2 using the νe disappearance channel.
Scedosporium spp. is the most common mold infection in pneumonia resulting from near‐drowning. Three fatal scedosporiosis cases developed after solid organ transplantation, probably transmitted from ...the nearly‐drowned donor. One heart transplant recipient and two kidney transplant recipients developed fatal scedosporiosis following deceased donor transplantation from the same donor, a nearly‐drowned victim of a suicide attempt. Genotypically, indistinguishable strains of Scedosporium auratiacum were recovered from the three recipients. Two liver transplant recipients from the same donor received prophylactic voriconazole without any subsequent signs of infection. To determine the safety of donation from nearly‐drowned donors, a national traceback investigation was also performed of the causes of deaths in all transplant recipients who received organs from drowned donors between 2001 and 2013. Over 13 years, 2600 deceased donor transplants were performed in Korea. Among these 2600 deceased donor transplants, 27 (1%) victims of drowning donated their organs. From these 27 donors, 84 patients received organ transplants and 18 died, including the above three. We found no microbiologic evidence of invasive mold transmission from the nearly‐drowned donors to the other 15 recipients. Although disseminated infection in the donor could not be demonstrated by culture, undiagnosed disseminated donor infection and transmission of Scedosporium spp. should be considered in near‐drowning events.
The authors describe their experience of one heart recipient and two kidney recipients with fatal scedosporiosis following deceased donor transplantation from the same donor, a nearly drowned victim of a suicide attempt.
The genus
Ochroconis
(Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales) is revised and currently contains 13 species for which the phylogenetic position has been determined using multilocus sequencing. The older ...generic name
Scolecobasidium
is considered to be of doubtful identity because the type specimen is ambiguous. Within the
Ochroconis
lineage, phylogenetic distances of all markers analyzed are exceptionally large, both between and within species. A new genus
Verruconis
is proposed for the neurotropic opportunist
Ochroconis gallopava
. Species accepted within the lineages are keyed out on the basis of phenotypic characters. Main ecological traits within each species are discussed.
Verruconis
species are thermophilic and one of them is an important agent of infection in the brain, while
Ochroconis
is mesophilic, several species causing infections in cold-blooded animals.
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