Most of the attention given to intraspecific crop, livestock, and aquaculture diversity in agricultural production systems has been targeted at their roles in providing provisioning services, such as ...food and fibre or their cultural services, providing non-material benefits, such as places for recreation and inspiration. The additional role that intraspecific crop, livestock, and aquaculture diversity has in providing regulating and supporting ecosystem services for agricultural productivity and ecosystem resilience has been largely neglected. A literature review was carried out across sectors (crop, livestock, aquaculture), both on the counterfactual, i.e., the lack of intraspecific diversity in the production system and on the direct and indirect roles that intraspecific diversity plays in maintaining seven of the regulating and supporting ecosystem services: (i) regulating pest and diseases; (ii) maintaining and regulating water and soil quality; (iii) regulating and improving the flow of reproductive diversity; (iv) buffering excess or lack of water; (v) regulating soil erosion; (vi) nutrient cycling in water and soil; and (vii) supporting habitat maintenance. Benefits from the use of intraspecific diversity, diversity per se, and adaptive traits include a limited use of chemical inputs and unsustainable practices and their negative impact on livelihoods, ecosystem functioning, and productivity. All sectors (crop, livestock, and aquaculture) should be examined in the agricultural production system to understand the provision of the different ecosystem services by intraspecific diversity. Differences in structure, functioning, and temporal and spatial scales of these sectors should also be considered. Supporting and regulating ecosystem services often have relatively longer-term processes than food provisioning and rely not only on the current diversity but also on its presence over time. The presented regulating and supporting ecosystem services rely on the presence of the diversity from the farm to the landscape and to agroecological zone. Neglecting the additional role that intraspecific crop, livestock, and aquaculture diversity has in providing regulating and supporting ecosystem services is shown in this review to be detrimental to agricultural productivity and landscape resilience.
Biodiversity indicators used by policy-makers are underdeveloped and underinvested.
In response to global declines in biodiversity, some 190 countries have pledged, under the Convention on Biological ...Diversity (CBD), to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 (
1
,
2
). Moreover, this target has recently been incorporated into the Millennium Development Goals in recognition of the impact of biodiversity loss on human well-being (
3
). Timely information on where and in what ways the target has or has not been met, as well as the likely direction of future trends, depends on a rigorous, relevant, and comprehensive suite of biodiversity indicators with which to track changes over time, to assess the impacts of policy and management responses, and to identify priorities for action. How far have we come in meeting these needs, and is it sufficient?
Prebereavement predictors of the course of postbereavement depressive mood were examined in 110 gay men who were their partner's caregiver until the partner's death of AIDS. In all, 37 HIV+ and 73 ...HIV− bereaved caregiving partners were assessed bimonthly throughout a 10-month period beginning 3 months before and ending 7 months after the partner's death. Throughout the 10 months, mean Centers for Epidemiology Scale-Depression (CES-D) scores on depressive mood were above the cutoff for being at risk for major depression. CES-D scores decreased for 63% of bereaved caregivers over the 7 postbereavement months, and 37% showed little change from high CES-D scores or increasing CES-D scores. High prebereavement CES-D scores and finding positive meaning in caregiving predicted diminishing depressive mood; HIV+ serostatus, longer relationships, hassles, and use of distancing and self-blame to cope predicted unrelieved depressive mood.
This study examines factors associated with caregiver burden in 82 HIV-positive (HIV+) and 162 HIV-negative (HIV−) partners of men with AIDS. We expected HIV+ caregivers to report more burden that ...HIV− caregivers because of the toll of their disease on their resources. HIV+ caregivers did report more burden and, compared with the HIV− caregivers, they were more religious or spiritual, had less income, and coped by using more positive reappraisal and cognitive escape-avoidance and by seeking social support. Comparisons of HIV+ caregivers with 61 HIV+ partners of healthy men indicated that most differences between HIV+ and HIV− caregivers were associated with HIV seropositivity rather than caregiving. However of the variables associated with HIV seropositivity, only religiosity or spirituality contributed independently to burden in HIV+ caregivers, suggesting a relatively weak link between HIV seropositivity and caregiver burden. The model explained 62% of the variance in burden in HIV+ caregivers and 36% of the variance in HIV− caregivers.
This study describes psychological and behavioral differences between gay men in primary relationships and single men from 1985 through 1989. In addition, differences in sexual behavior, relationship ...status, and relationship quality between HIV positive and HIV negative men were investigated. Data are from the San Francisco Men's Health Study and included only men who were gay identified and who participated in the longitudinal surveys in 1985, 1987 and 1989 (N = 452). Participants were stratified by relationship status and by HIV status. HIV positive men were less likely than HIV negative men to be in primary relationships (38.9% vs. 52.9%, respectively in 1989). In addition, men in relationships had higher rates of unprotected anal intercourse than single men (32.6% vs. 17.0%, respectively in 1989). Differences in psychosocial and behavioral variables were found and have considerable implications for prevention programs and mental health services trying to meet the needs of the gay men's community.
A study examined prebereavement predictors of the course of postbereavement depressive mood in 110 gay men who were their partner's caregiver until the partner's death of AIDS.
The effects of emotional abusiveness on narcissistic features, shame and anger were investigated. Participants (297 women and 207 men) were administered the Exposure to Abusive and Supportive ...Environments-Parenting Inventory, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale, the Test of Self-Conscious Affect, the Adapted Shame and Guilt Scale, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, and the Anger Expression Scale. Results supported the expectation that exposure to emotionally abusive parents may influence covert narcissistic features (hypersensitivity, hidden grandiosity and inadequacy); however, emotional abusiveness by parents was not related to overt narcissistic features. Results indicated that emotional abusiveness by mothers and fathers contributed to covert narcissistic features for women, while deficits in love/support by fathers was associated with covert narcissistic features for men. Emotional abusiveness by fathers influenced shame-proneness for men, while emotional abusiveness by mothers was associated with resentment for women. Implications for therapy with clients exposed to emotionally abusive family environments are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
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