Despite advances in perinatal medicine, racial disparity in birth outcomes remains a public health problem in the USA. The underlying mechanisms for this long-standing racial disparity are ...incompletely understood. This review presents transgenerational risk factors for racial disparities in preterm birth, exploring the impact of interpersonal and structural racism, theoretical models of stress, and biological markers of racial disparities.
Re-evaluation of geochemical and geophysical datasets, and analysis of magmatic and detrital zircons from drill-core samples extracted from the Louth region of the southern Thomson Orogen (STO), ...augmented by limited field samples, has shown that two temporally and compositionally distinct igneous groups exist. The older Lower Devonian, calc-alkaline group corresponds to complexly folded, high-intensity curvilinear magnetic anomalies in the Louth region (Louth Volcanics) and are probable equivalents to Lower Devonian volcanics in the northern Lachlan Orogen. A younger Permo-Triassic alkaline assemblage forms part of an E-W corridor of diatremes that appears to relate to focussed lithospheric extension associated with the later stages of the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny in the New England Orogen. The alkaline group includes gabbros previously considered as Neoproterozoic, but all magmatic rocks, including alkaline basalts, contain an unusual number of xenocrystic zircons. The age spectra of the xenocrystic zircons mimic detrital zircons from Cobar Basin sedimentary rocks and/or underlying Ordovician turbidites, suggesting incorporation of upper crustal zircons into the alkaline basaltic magmas. A distinct difference of detrital zircon age spectra from central Thomson Orogen metasediments indicates the STO metasediments have greater affinities to the Lachlan Orogen, but both orogens probably began in the Early Ordovician during widespread backarc extension and deposition of turbidites in the Tasmanides. A surprising result is that Ordovician, Devonian and Permo-Triassic basaltic rocks from the STO and elsewhere in the Tasmanides, all yield the same Nd-model ages of ca 960-830 Ma, suggesting that Neoproterozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle persisted throughout the evolution of the Tasmanide orogenic system.
Multimodal Assessment of Sport-Related Concussion Sherry, Natalie Sandel; Fazio-Sumrok, Vanessa; Sufrinko, Alicia ...
Clinical journal of sport medicine,
05/2021, Letnik:
31, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The purpose of this study was to determine which assessments best identify athletes with sport-related concussion (SRC) from healthy controls in the acute/early subacute phase (within 10 days of SRC) ...of injury.
Prospective, cohort study.
Specialty concussion clinic.
Sixty-four athletes with SRC (52% male) and 59 matched (age and sex), healthy controls (56% male) aged 12 to 20 years (Mean M = 15.07, Standard Deviation SD = 2.23).
Participants completed symptom, cognitive, vestibular/oculomotor, near point of convergence (NPC), and balance assessments.
Univariate analyses were conducted to compare athletes with SRC to healthy controls across all assessments. Assessments that significantly differed between the SRC group and healthy controls were used as predictors in an enter method logistic regression (LR) model and subsequent forward stepwise LR.
Results of LR analyses indicated that symptom inventory and symptom provocation on vestibular/oculomotor assessments significantly predicted athletes with SRC versus controls. The forward stepwise LR accurately classified 84.6% of the overall sample (78.3% of athletes with SRC and 91.2% of controls were accurately predicted) and accounted for 60.5% of the variance in predicting athletes with SRC versus controls. Total symptom inventory score (P = 0.003) and vestibular/oculomotor symptom provocation (P < 0.01) were the most sensitive and specific measures in a comprehensive, multimodal assessment for distinguishing athletes with SRC from healthy controls within 10 days of injury.
Elements within a multimodal evaluation that are the most robust at discriminating athletes with SRC from healthy controls in the acute/early subacute phase of injury include symptom report and provocation of symptoms on vestibular/oculomotor assessment. These assessments should be considered in conjunction with other objective assessments (ie, NPC measurement and cognitive testing) as part of a comprehensive evaluation of SRC.
We examined trends in low birth weight (LBW, <2,500 g) rates among US singleton non-Hispanic black infants between 1991 and 2004. We conducted Joinpoint regression analyses, using birth certificate ...data, to describe trends in LBW, moderately LBW (MLBW, 1,500–2,499 g), and very LBW (VLBW, <1,500 g) rates. We then conducted cross-sectional and binomial regression analyses to relate these trends to changes in maternal or obstetric factors. Non-Hispanic black LBW rates declined −7.35% between 1991 and 2001 and then increased +4.23% through 2004. The LBW trends were not uniform across birth weight subcategories. Among MLBW births, the 1991–2001 decease was −10.20%; the 2001–2004 increase was +5.61%. VLBW did not follow this pattern, increasing +3.84% between 1991 and 1999 and then remaining relatively stable through 2004. In adjusted models, the 1991–2001 MLBW rate decrease was associated with changes in first-trimester prenatal care, cigarette smoking, education levels, maternal foreign-born status, and pregnancy weight gain. The 2001–2004 MLBW rate increase was independent of changes in observed maternal demographic characteristics, prenatal care, and obstetric variables. Between 1991 and 2001, progress occurred in reducing MLBW rates among non-Hispanic black infants. This progress was not maintained between 2001 and 2004 nor did it occur for VLBW infants between 1991 and 2004. Observed population changes in maternal socio-demographic and health-related factors were associated with the 1991–2001 decrease, suggesting multiple risk factors need to be simultaneously addressed to reduce non-Hispanic black LBW rates.
Activated platelets generate an eicosanoid proposed to be 8-hydroxy-9,10-dioxolane A3 (DXA3). Herein, we demonstrate that significant amounts of DXA3 are rapidly attached to phosphatidylethanolamine ...(PE) forming four esterified eicosanoids, 16:0p, 18:0p, 18:1p and 18:0a/DXA3-PEs that can activate neutrophil integrin expression. These lipids comprise the majority of DXA3 generated by platelets, are formed in ng amounts (24.3±6.1ng/2×108) and remain membrane bound. Pharmacological studies revealed DXA3-PE formation involves cyclooxygenase-1 (COX), protease-activated receptors (PAR) 1 and 4, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), phospholipase C and intracellular calcium. They are generated primarily via esterification of newly formed DXA3, but can also be formed in vitro via co-oxidation of PE during COX-1 co-oxidation of arachidonate. All four DXA3-PEs were detected in human clots. Purified platelet DXA3-PE activated neutrophil Mac-1 expression, independently of its hydrolysis to the free eicosanoid. This study demonstrates the structures and cellular synthetic pathway for a family of leukocyte-activating platelet phospholipids generated on acute activation, adding to the growing evidence that enzymatic PE oxidation is a physiological event in innate immune cells.
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•Four enzymatically oxidized phospholipids are described, termed DXA3-PE in platelets.•DXA3-PE forms by COX-1 oxidation of arachidonate, then esterification into PE.•DXA3-PE formation requires calcium, phospholipase C and phospholipase A2.•DXA3-PEs purified from platelets activates neutrophil Mac-1 expression.
Objectives
To examine the extent to which lifelong neighborhood income modifies the generational association of teen birth among White and AA women in Cook County, IL.
Methods
Stratified and ...multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of singleton births (1989–1991) to non-Latina White and AA mothers (born 1956–1976) with appended U.S. census income information. We calculated rates and risks of teen births according to race, maternal age, and lifelong neighborhood economic environment.
Results
Teen birth occurred at a rate of 9.5% and 52.9% for White and AA women, respectively. White women whose mothers were teens when they were born had an over five-fold increased risk of becoming teen mothers themselves. For AA women, the risk was smaller, but statistically significant. For both races, women who experienced downward economic mobility had the highest risk of teen birth, while women with upward mobility had the lowest risk, even compared to women in lifelong high income neighborhoods. While White women exposed to lifelong low income had almost threefold increased risk of teen birth compared to those in lifelong high income neighborhoods, AA women in lifelong high and lifelong low income neighborhoods had similar risk of teen birth.
Conclusions for Practice
Understanding the racial differences in intergenerational patterns of teen birth is important for effective program planning and policy making, given that interventions targeted at daughters of teen mothers may differ in effectiveness for White and AA teens.
Complementary microbial and geochemical assessment techniques investigated the biodegradation of PAHs and alkanes in salt marshes impacted by crude oil following the Macondo spill. Contamination was ...observed in the top 10 cm of the marsh profile based on PAH analysis and measurement of the δ13C signature of impacted marsh soils. Measurement of evolution of 13C depleted CO2 indicated mineralization of crude oil ranging from 2.7–12.1 mg CO2-C/m2-hr. Changes in weathering ratios of alkylated phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes indicated loss of these 3-ring PAHs consistent with biodegradation. A diverse microbial population was observed at both locations dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and including known hydrocarbon degraders such as Marinobacter and Alcanivorax. There was shared richness between sites and across seasons but results suggested substantial turnover of phylotypes in space and time. Biodegradation of alkanes and alkylated PAHs occurred when oxygen was provided in laboratory reactors but not in the absence of oxygen.
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•δ13C signature of evolved CO2 reflects ongoing salt marsh crude oil mineralization.•Changes in PAH weathering ratios over time in coastal marshes reflect biodegradation.•Oiled marsh microbial populations are dynamic, yet consistently dominated by Gammaproteobacteria.•Oxygen stimulates PAH and alkane biodegradation in oiled marsh soils.•Porewater nutrient profiles show significant internal sources of N and P for biodegradation.
Previous studies suggest athletes underreport concussions. We sought to determine whether athletes in our clinics have sustained previous concussions that went undiagnosed.
Multicentered cross ...sectional study.
Two sport concussion clinics.
Patients diagnosed with sport-related concussions or concussions with injury mechanisms and forces similar to those observed in sports were included.
The proportion of patients who answered "yes" to the following question were defined as having a previously undiagnosed concussion: "Have you ever sustained a blow to the head which was NOT diagnosed as a concussion but was followed by one or more of the signs and symptoms listed in the Post Concussion Symptom Scale?"
Of the 486 patients included in the final analysis, 148 (30.5%) patients reported a previously undiagnosed concussion. Athletes reporting previously undiagnosed concussions had a higher mean Post Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) score (33 vs 25; P < 0.004) and were more likely to have lost consciousness (31% vs 22%; P = 0.038) with their current injury than athletes without previously undiagnosed concussions.
Nearly one-third of athletes have sustained previously undiagnosed concussions, defined as a blow to the head followed by the signs and symptoms included in the PCSS. Furthermore, these previously undiagnosed concussions are associated with higher PCSS scores and higher loss of consciousness rates when future concussions occur.
Many athletes have sustained previous blows to the head that result in the signs and symptoms of concussion but have not been diagnosed with a concussion. These injuries are associated with increased rates of loss of consciousness and higher symptom scale scores with future concussions.
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