Sickle cell anemia is associated with compromised oxygen-carrying capability of hemoglobin and a high incidence of overt and silent stroke. However, in children with no evidence of cerebral ...infarction, there are changes in brain morphometry relative to healthy controls, which may be related to chronic anemia and oxygen desaturation.
A whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics analysis was carried out in 25 children with sickle cell anemia with no evidence of abnormality on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (13 male, age range: 8-18 years) and 14 age- and race-matched controls (7 male, age range: 10-19 years) to determine the extent of white matter injury. The hypotheses that white matter damage is related to daytime peripheral oxygen saturation and steady-state hemoglobin were tested.
Fractional anisotropy was found to be significantly lower in patients in the subcortical white matter (corticospinal tract and cerebellum), whereas mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity were higher in patients in widespread areas. There was a significant negative relationship between radial diffusivity and oxygen saturation (P<0.05) in the anterior corpus callosum and a trend-level negative relationship between radial diffusivity and hemoglobin (P<0.1) in the midbody of the corpus callosum.
These data show widespread white matter abnormalities in a sample of asymptomatic children with sickle cell anemia, and provides for the first time direct evidence of a relationship between brain microstructure and markers of disease severity (eg, peripheral oxygen saturation and steady-state hemoglobin). This study suggests that diffusion tensor imaging metrics may serve as a biomarker for future trials of reducing hypoxic exposure.
Over 60 recipes that harness the power of the Raspberry Pi together with Python programming and create enthralling and captivating projectsAbout This Book• Install your first operating system, share ...files over the network, and run programs remotely• Construct robots and interface with your own circuits and purpose built add-ons, as well as adapt off-the-shelf household devices using this pragmatic guide• Packed with clear, step-by-step recipes to walk you through the capabilities of Raspberry Pi Who This Book Is ForReaders are expected to be familiar with programming concepts and Python (where possible Python 3 is used), although beginners should manage with the help of a good Python reference book and background reading. No prior knowledge of the Raspberry Pi or electronics is required; however, for the hardware sections you will need some basic electronic components/household tools to build some of the projects.What You Will Learn• Get the Raspberry Pi set up and running for the first time• Remotely connect to the Raspberry Pi and use your PC/laptop instead of a separate screen/keyboard• Get to grips with text, files and creating quick menus using Python• Develop desktop applications; handle images and process files with ease• Make use of graphics and user control to develop your own exciting games• Use the Raspberry Pi's powerful GPU to create 3D worlds• Take control of the real world and interface with physical hardware, combining hardware and software for your own needs• Measure and control processes, respond to real events and monitor through the Internet• Learn about the Raspberry Pi hardware inputs/outputs, starting with the basics and beyond• Expand the capabilities of the Raspberry Pi with hardware expansion / add-on modules (use analogue inputs, drive servos and motors, and use SPI/I2C)• Create your own Pi-Rover or Pi-Hexpod driven by the Raspberry Pi• Make use of existing hardware by modifying and interfacing with it using the Raspberry PiIn DetailRaspberry Pi cookbook for Python Programmers is a practical guide for getting the most out of this little computer. This book begins by guiding you through setting up the Raspberry Pi, performing tasks using Python 3 and introduces the first steps to interface with electronics. As you work through each chapter you will build up your skills and knowledge and apply them as you progress throughout the book, delving further and further into the unique abilities and features of the Raspberry Pi.Later, you will learn how to automate tasks by accessing files, build applications using the popular Tkinter library and create games by controlling graphics on screen. You will harness the power of the built-in graphics processor by using Pi3D to generate your own high quality 3D graphics and environments. Connect directly to the Raspberry Pi's hardware pins to control electronics from switching on LEDs and responding to push buttons right through to driving motors and servos. Learn how to monitor sensors to gather real life data and to use it to control other devices, and view the results over the Internet. Apply what you have learnt by creating your own Pi-Rover or Pi-Hexipod robots. Finally, we will explore using many of the purpose built add-ons available for the Raspberry Pi, as well as interfacing with common household devices in new ways.Style and approachWritten in a cookbook style, the book contains a series of recipes on various topics, ranging from simple to complex. It is an easy- to-follow and step-by-step guide with examples of various feature integration suitable for any search application.
Summary Background Over half of childhood intracranial ependymomas occur in children younger than 5 years. As an adjuvant treatment, radiotherapy can be effective, but has the potential to damage the ...child's developing nervous system at a crucial time—with a resultant reduction in IQ and cognitive impairment, endocrinopathy, and risk of second malignancy. We aimed to assess the role of a primary chemotherapy strategy in avoiding or delaying radiotherapy in children younger than 3 years with intracranial ependymoma. Methods Between December, 1992, and April, 2003, we enrolled 89 children with ependymoma who were aged 3 years or younger at diagnosis, of whom nine had metastatic disease on pre-operative imaging. After maximal surgical resection, children received alternating blocks of myelosuppressive and non-myelosuppressive chemotherapy every 14 days for an intended duration of 1 year. Radiotherapy was withheld unless local imaging (ie, from the child's treatment centre) showed progressive disease. Findings 50 of the 80 patients with non-metastatic disease progressed, 34 of whom were irradiated for progression. The 5-year cumulative incidence of freedom from radiotherapy for the 80 non-metastatic patients was 42% (95% CI 32–53). With a median follow-up of 6 years (range 1·5–11·3), overall survival for the non-metastatic patients at 3 years was 79·3% (95% CI 68·5–86·8) and at 5 years 63·4% (51·2–73·4). The corresponding values for event-free survival were 47·6% (36·2–58·1) and 41·8% (30·7–52·6). There was no significant difference in event-free or overall survival between complete and incomplete surgical resection, nor did survival differ according to histological grade, age at diagnosis, or site of disease. In 47 of 59 (80%) patients who progressed, relapse resulted from local control only. The median time to progression for the 59 patients who progressed was 1·6 years (range 0·1–10·2 years). The median age at irradiation of the whole group was 3·6 years (range 1·5–11·9). For the 80 non-metastatic patients, the 23 who achieved the highest relative dose intensity of chemotherapy had the highest post-chemotherapy 5-year overall survival of 76% (95% CI 46·6–91·2), compared with 52% (33·3–68·1) for the 32 patients who achieved the lowest relative dose intensity of chemotherapy. Interpretation This protocol avoided or delayed radiotherapy in a substantial proportion of children younger than 3 years without compromising survival. These results suggest, therefore, that primary chemotherapy strategies have an important role in the treatment of very young children with intracranial ependymoma.
## In Detail The Raspberry Pi foundation has been selling their computers since 2012 with the aim of inspiring programmers and engineers. Raspberry Pi Cookbook for Python Programmers is a practical ...guide for getting the most out of this little computer. It will guide you through the many uses of the Raspberry Pi and allow you to showcase the best it has to offer. Discover what the Raspberry Pi has to offer using detailed Python 3 examples that you can adapt and extend; see where your creativity takes you! "Raspberry Pi Cookbook for Python Programmers" begins by guiding you through setting up the Raspberry Pi, performing tasks using Python 3 and introduces the first steps to interface with electronics. As you work through each chapter you will build up your skills and knowledge and apply them as you progress throughout the book, delving further and further into the unique abilities and features of the Raspberry Pi. Later, you will learn how to automate tasks by accessing files, build applications using the popular Tkinter library and create games by controlling graphics on screen. You will harness the power of the built-in graphics processor by using Pi3D to generate your own high quality 3D graphics and environments. Connect directly to the Raspberry Pis hardware pins to control electronics from switching on LEDs and responding to push buttons right through to driving motors and servos. Learn how to monitor sensors to gather real-life data and use it to control other devices, and view the results over the Internet. Apply what you have learnt by creating your own Pi-Rover or Pi- Hexipod robots. Finally, we will explore using many of the purpose-built add- ons available for the Raspberry Pi, as well as interfacing with common household devices in new ways. The "Raspberry Pi Cookbook for Python Programmers" will allow you to discover the vast range of abilities this micro-computer has. By following the clear examples you can pick up many new skills and arm yourself with the tools to create your own exciting and interesting projects. ## Approach "Raspberry Pi Cookbook for Python Programmers" is written in a Cookbook format, presenting examples in the style of recipes.This allows you to go directly to your topic of interest, or follow topics throughout a chapter to gain a thorough in-depth knowledge. ## Who this book is for The aim of this book is to bring you a broad range of Python 3 examples and practical ideas which you can develop to suit your own requirements. By modifying and combining the examples to create your own projects you learn far more effectively with a much greater understanding. Each chapter is designed to become a foundation for further experimentation and discovery of the topic, providing you with the tools and information to jump right in. Readers are expected to be familiar with programming concepts and Python (where possible Python 3 is used), although beginners should manage with the help of a good Python reference book and background reading. No prior knowledge of the Raspberry Pi or electronics is required; however for the hardware sections you will need some basic electronic components/household tools to build some of the projects.
Summary
Purpose: Most published data on infants presenting with epilepsy originate from hospital/specialist clinic settings and may therefore not be representative of the general population. We ...carried out a population‐based study to estimate the incidence of epilepsy onset in infants, to characterize the range of phenotypes and associated structural brain abnormalities, and to determine whether specific epilepsy diagnoses could be established at onset.
Methods: Children between 1 and 24 months of age with new‐onset epilepsy were ascertained over 13 months from the residents in 15 boroughs of North London. Classification based on clinical information, electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging data was undertaken independently by two pediatric neurologists. Neuroimages were reviewed by two neuroradiologists blinded to clinical details.
Key Findings: A total of 57 children were enrolled giving an ascertainment‐adjusted incidence of 70.1 (95% CI 56.3, 88.5)/100,000 children ≤2 years of age/year (ascertainment 76%). The incidence was highest among Asian children. An electroclinical syndrome was identified in 24 (42%) cases of which 21 were epileptic encephalopathies. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 51 cases (89% of the total cohort) were reviewed. These demonstrated positive findings in 37 (72%) of 51 cases, of which 26 (51%) of 51 were etiologically relevant, and included developmental malformations in 11 (21%) of 51.
Significance: In a population setting infantile onset epilepsy presents mostly with complex phenotypes commonly associated with structural brain abnormalities. Routine MR imaging at presentation is therefore justified. However, identification of specific electroclinical syndromes remains difficult at onset.
Abstract
A constructed in-lake water quality mitigation system has proven itself to be effective at reducing Machado Lake phosphorus (P) levels, but ineffective at reducing nitrogen (N) levels. A ...combination of lake sediment dredging and capping, oxygenation, and a recirculating wetland have reduced lake water column P levels by nearly 50%, as compared to pre-project levels. Key to this result has been the dampening of seasonal P recycling in the sediments. A new lake water quality numerical model is presented, with applications to both pre- and post-project conditions. Model auditing has revealed very good results with respect to predicting mitigation impacts on P but poor results with respect to predicting the performance, or lack thereof, of the N mitigation system. Model sensitivity analyses indicate that the P reductions are primarily attributable to the sediment dredging and capping. Conversely, seasonal data, supported by modeling, suggest that the poor performance of the N mitigation system may be attributable to incomplete removal, or sequestration, of sediment N mass during dredging and/or a lack of impact from the oxygenation system. Future mitigation efforts for the lake should focus on reducing the substantial watershed nutrient loads to the lake and further in-lake P inactivation.
Build clever, collaborative, and powerful automation systems with the Raspberry Pi and Python.Key FeaturesCreate your own Pi-Rover or Pi-Hexipod robots
Develop practical applications in Python using ...Raspberry Pi
Build your own Jarvis, a highly advanced computerized AI
Book DescriptionThis Learning Path takes you on a journey in the world of robotics and teaches you all that you can achieve with Raspberry Pi and Python.
It teaches you to harness the power of Python with the Raspberry Pi 3 and the Raspberry Pi zero to build superlative automation systems that can transform your business. You will learn to create text classifiers, predict sentiment in words, and develop applications with the Tkinter library. Things will get more interesting when you build a human face detection and recognition system and a home automation system in Python, where different appliances are controlled using the Raspberry Pi. With such diverse robotics projects, you'll grasp the basics of robotics and its functions, and understand the integration of robotics with the IoT environment.
By the end of this Learning Path, you will have covered everything from configuring a robotic controller, to creating a self-driven robotic vehicle using Python.
Raspberry Pi 3 Cookbook for Python Programmers - Third Edition by Tim Cox, Dr. Steven Lawrence FernandesPython Programming with Raspberry Pi by Sai Yamanoor, Srihari YamanoorPython Robotics Projects by Prof. Diwakar VaishWhat you will learnBuild text classifiers and predict sentiment in words with the Tkinter library
Develop human face detection and recognition systems
Create a neural network module for optical character recognition
Build a mobile robot using the Raspberry Pi as a controller
Understand how to interface sensors, actuators, and LED displays work
Apply machine learning techniques to your models
Interface your robots with BluetoothWho this book is forThis Learning Path is specially designed for Python developers who want to take their skills to the next level by creating robots that can enhance people's lives. Familiarity with Python and electronics will aid understanding the concepts in this Learning Path.
This Learning Path takes you on a journey in the world of robotics and teaches you all that you can achieve with Raspberry Pi and Python - from building a movie recommendations system to creating ...your own self-driven robotic vehicle.
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in our environment but their presence in air is less well understood. Homes are likely a key source of airborne microplastics and microfibres to the environment ...owing to the frequent use and storage of plastics and textiles within them. Studying their presence, concentration and distribution in these environments is difficult without the participation of citizens due to accessibility challenges. Few studies have examined the intricacies of the prevalence of indoor microplastics and microfibres or the link between indoor exposure and behavioural and regulatory approaches that could reduce their concentrations. The application of a quintuple innovation helix framework, within which a co-creative citizen science research methodology is applied, provides an opportunity for citizens to shape the scientific method, ensuring that methods are accessible and appropriate for widespread use and designed by the citizen, for the citizen. Exploring behaviours and motivations in plastic and textile use by citizens with industry may reduce the generation of these particles. Future studies should consider the importance of citizen inclusion when designing research strategies for measuring and reducing microplastic concentrations in homes, enabling a nuanced understanding of their generation and distribution and facilitating the development of appropriate behavioural, industrial and regulatory messaging and mitigative measures.
The authors have evaluated eight different similarity measures used for rigid body registration of serial magnetic resonance (MR) brain scans. To assess their accuracy the authors used 33 clinical ...three-dimensional (3-D) serial MR images, with deformable extradural tissue excluded by manual segmentation and simulated 3-D MR images with added intensity distortion. For each measure the authors determined the consistency of registration transformations for both sets of segmented and unsegmented data. They have shown that of the eight measures tested, the ones based on joint entropy produced the best consistency. In particular, these measures seemed to be least sensitive to the presence of extradural tissue. For these data the difference in accuracy of these joint entropy measures, with or without brain segmentation, was within the threshold of visually detectable change in the difference images.
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