Effects of Exercise on Risk-Taking Culpepper, Dean; Killion, Lorraine
Physical Activity Review (Czs̨tochowa),
2017, Letnik:
5
Journal Article
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Introduction: Research has shown that exercise increases levels of dopamine in certain sub-cortical brain regions. Increased dopamine activity in the brain has been linked to increased risk-taking. ...The purpose of this study was to determine if an increase in risk-taking is apparent in male athletes and non-athletes after strenuous exercise. Method: Ten athletes (age: 20.2±SD year) and ten non-athletes (age: 20.7±SD) in a university setting completed the BART (a validated protocol to asses risk-taking behavior) either after exercise or at rest. Result: Athletes obtained total 24.92±10.99 pumps and Non-Athletes 42.76±16.45 pumps. Discusion: ANCOVA’s showed that there was significant difference between athletes and non-athletes (p<0.01) on the risk behavior test. Post hoc tests showed that for non-athletes there was also a significant difference for those that exercise immediately before the risk behavior test, p=0.003. This was not the case with athletes, p=0.683. Results indicate that while exercise increased risk-taking in the non-athlete subjects, it did not have an effect on the athlete population.
American adults and an increasing number of children, are not meeting the recommended amounts of daily physical activity. Research has documented the effects of low activity on health and ...increasingly new research has shown that low activity levels now impact academic achievement. Physical education (PE) can play an important role if the children participating are obtaining enough physical activity while in class and the PE program has not been targeted with cutbacks. The purpose of this study was to identify the amount and intensity of activity in PE classes. The results indicate that on average students at all levels are not meeting the activity requirements. In addition, PE teachers' perceptions of physical activity in their own class does not match actual activity levels. PE teachers must do a better job of increasing activity levels in their classrooms. Mounting research indicates students perform better academically if they are physically active. PE is the only subject where teachers can organize activities that meet both activity and intensity requirements.
Bullying is the most common form of violence experienced by young people in the United States. According to the National Bureau of Education Statistics (2011), 27.8% of students ages 12 to 18 years ...old reported having been bullied at school. True bullying reflects an unequal balance of power and is both frequent and intentional on the part of the bully (Olweus, 1994). Research has shown physical education (PE) settings to be common locations for bullying to occur (Roman & Taylor, 2013). The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of general and specific types (PTB) of bullying and victimization by gender, grade level, and race/ethnicity among a sample of 9th to 12th graders in a school district of predominantly Latino youth in South Texas. Upon institutional review board approval, parental consent forms were administered. The total number of forms returned was 138 (64 male students, 74 female students) with a response rate of 34.5%. The School Climate Bullying Survey (Cornell, 2015) was administered. Students reported higher frequencies of bullying in PE (30%) as compared with school (10%). Analyses of variance indicated no significant difference between gender bullying in PE. There was a significant difference for gender with female students reporting higher rates on the PTB. A regression analysis was conducted to determine if bullying in PE, gender, bullying experience, victimization, and ethnicity affected PTB. The regression was significant, p , .0001, F(3, 134) ¼ 19.23, R 2 ¼ .301, with bullying experience, victimization, and gender as significant predictors. Results from this study showed that both bullying and victimization were prevalent in this South Texas high school. Although no significant gender differences were found in this school sample, previous research has demonstrated boys are more aggressive perpetrators and girls inclined to be victims (Collier et al., 2013). Bullying is a serious issue facing schools, and many victims fail to report incidents that occur for fear of future harassment. Whether a student is a perpetrator or a victim is not the issue, but rather it is solving the issue in the first place to prevent future incidents. Findings in this study suggest the need for further investigation into bullying and victimization in an adolescent population and the need for a collaborative effort among parents, teachers, counselors, administrators, and researchers to develop better evidence-based interventions to address this growing issue. The differences in bullying in PE and school need further examination to determine relations that may exist and if ethnicity plays a decisive role for bullying in the PE environment.
Researchers have suggested that physical education curricula can be highly effective in increasing physical activity levels at school (Sallis & Owen, 1999). The purpose of this study was to ...investigate the impact of various curriculum models on physical activity. Total steps were measured on 1,111 subjects and three curriculum models were studied (Fitness, Game/Sport, Skill Themes). Among the curriculum models and across all grade levels, the Game/Sport Model had the most steps (p less than 0.01; M = 2,013), followed by the Skill Themes (M = 1,750), and finally the Fitness Model (M = 1,716). The Fitness Model doesn't guarantee higher activity. Rather, the teacher should strive to create and implement lessons that provide increased time for movement or activity for all children. (Contains 3 tables.)
An annual wheelchair basketball tournament at a mid-sized university in the southwestern U.S. serves two purposes: first, to raise awareness of individuals with disabilities (IWD) and second, to ...raise funds for a local Special Olympics event. The purpose of this study was to examine whether participation in or spectating of this event had an impact on the perceptions toward IWD and athletes with disabilities (AwD). Participants in this study (N = 255) completed a survey containing the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons, Form O (ATDPO) survey as well as a modified version of the ATDP (including wording for athletes). There was a positive correlation between attitudes toward IWD and AWD, Pearson's r(255) = .441, p < .001. Furthermore, the overall mean for the ATDPO (M = 75.31, SD = 16.19), t(254) = 15.10, p < .001, d = .95, and Athlete version overall mean (M = 45, SD = 8.31), t(254) = 28.84, p < .001, d = 1.81, were significantly higher than the midpoints of each scale (higher than the midpoint reflecting more positive views toward IWD, and lower that the midpoint reflecting less positive views). Finally, females had significantly more positive attitudes toward both IWD and AWD than males. This study supports research that demonstrates females show more positive attitudes toward IWD. However, watching or participating in the wheelchair basketball tournament did not affect these attitudes toward IWD or AWD. Implications and limitations are also provided.
An annual wheelchair basketball tournament at a mid-sized university in the southwestern U.S. serves two purposes: first, to raise awareness of individuals with disabilities (IWD) and second, to ...raise funds for a local Special Olympics event. The purpose of this study was to examine whether participation in or spectating of this event had an impact on the perceptions toward IWD and athletes with disabilities (AWD). Participants in this study (N = 255) completed a survey containing the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons, Form O (ATDPO) survey as well as a modified version of the ATDP (including wording for athletes). There was a positive correlation between attitudes toward IWD and AWD, Pearson's r(255) = 0.441, p < 0.001. Furthermore, the overall mean for the ATDPO (M = 75.31, SD = 16.19), t(254) = 15.10, p < 0.001, d = 0.95, and Athlete version overall mean (M = 45, SD = 8.31), t(254) = 28.84, p < 0.001, d = 1.81, were significantly higher than the midpoints of each scale (higher than the midpoint reflecting more positive views toward IWD, and lower that the midpoint reflecting less positive views). Finally, females had significantly more positive attitudes toward both IWD and AWD than males. This study supports research that demonstrates females show more positive attitudes toward IWD. However, watching or participating in the wheelchair basketball tournament did not affect these attitudes toward IWD or AWD. Implications and limitations are also provided.
(2013) used a competitive tennis match as the exercise intervention and this study used strenuous exercise, the complex nature of competition could explain an increase in risk-taking behavior as a ...competitive activity will inherently involve risk taking to win a match; yet nonathletes should be studied in a competitive activity to be certain.
There are over 480,000 individuals who compete under the governing of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) but only a few of these student athletes continue to compete after college. ...The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an association between athlete identity and career exploration and engagement among current student athletes. Student athletes (N = 44) from various National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II institutions in the Southwest United States participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete an online survey consisting of demographic questions, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) and the Occupational Engagement Scale-Student questionnaire (OES-S). Means and standard deviations on each scale were reported and a Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between athlete identity and career exploration and engagement. A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was also run to explore gender differences among the variables. Results suggest there are associations between athletic identity and career exploration and engagement, providing direction for the examination of several areas in future research.
Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake is linked to leading causes of global mortality and rise in obesity. Measuring fruit and vegetable intake is problematic. Advances in cell phone technologies may ...improve the accuracy and ease of recording diet. This study tested the effectiveness of using cell phones with digital pictures to prompt memory and mypyramidtracker.gov to estimate self-reported fruit and vegetable intake in 69 college students.
A repeated measures design was used. Focus groups provided feedback on the acceptability, usability, and feasibility of cell phones for diet recording in this population.
A statistically significant difference in fruit and vegetable scores, F(1, 58)=4.64, p=.04, was supported between cell phone use for short-term memory prompt and mypyramidtracker.gov alone.
Cell phone pictures improved memory and accuracy of recall when using an online self-reported interactive diet record and was considered an easy, relevant, and accessible way to record diet.
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