Piscine orthoreovirus -1 (PRV-1) causes the disease heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon, and the virus has been detected in wild anadromous Atlantic salmon and ...brown trout. However, the infection prevalence, viral kinetics, and disease severity in different life stages of Atlantic salmon and brown trout are unknown. The current study aimed to evaluate and compare susceptibility to PRV-1 infection and development of HSMI in different life stages of anadromous Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
) and brown trout (
Salmo trutta
). We challenged Atlantic salmon and brown trout fry, parr, and post-smolts with PRV-1 by bath, cohabitation, or IP injection. The kinetics of viral infection and disease development were evaluated by RT-qPCR,
in situ
hybridization, and histology. Our results indicated that PRV-1 infection prevalence and viral kinetics depend on the developmental stage and challenge method in both Atlantic salmon and brown trout. All developmental stages of Atlantic salmon and brown trout can be infected with PRV-1. However, brown trout showed a lower infection prevalence, with positive cases exhibiting only mild infections without any pathological changes in the target organs, while all life stages of Atlantic salmon developed heart lesions characteristic of HSMI. These results strongly suggest that brown trout are less susceptible to PRV-1 infection than Atlantic salmon and further confirm the species-specific susceptibility and disease development for PRV-1 infection.
A serum test called T50 assesses the overall propensity for calcification of the blood and is associated with cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to examine T50 over time in kidney transplant ...recipients and also address any effects of ibandronate. Serum samples taken from kidney transplant patients included in a prospective, randomized placebo controlled study of ibandronate were analyzed in retrospect. Adequate analyses were performed at baseline (approximately 3 weeks after transplantation) in 129 patients, at 10 weeks in 127 patients and at 1 year in 123 patients. There were no statistical differences between ibandronate and placebo treatment in terms of T50 at 10 weeks (P = .094) or at 1 year (P = .116). Baseline T50 was a significant covariate (P < .0001) for T50 scores at 10 weeks and 1 year. In the total cohort, there was a highly significant (P < .0001) increase in T50 of 26.6% after 10 weeks and T50 remained stable after 1 year. T50 change was inversely correlated to phosphate of −0.515 (P < .0001) and to change in serum albumin (P < .03). We found that T50 increased from baseline to 10 weeks after transplantation with no further change after 1 year. Ibandronate had no effect on T50.
Genetic markers are widely used in fisheries management around the world. While the genetic structure and markers selected are usually based on samples from the wild, very few controlled experiments ...have been carried out to investigate possible differences in influence on traits between markers. Here we examine the bi-allelic gene pantophysin (Pan I), widely used in the management of Atlantic cod, in a series of
crosses under a range of temperatures. It has been proposed that this gene, or another tightly linked gene, may be under strong divergent selection. Resolving this issue is essential in order to interpret results when using this gene marker for stock management. We found no evidence of departure from the expected 1 : 2 : 1 Mendelian ratio for any of the three genotypes during the egg stage, while both the 6 and 12°C temperature regimes in tank experiments favoured the survival of the Pan I
genotype. No difference in genotype survival was, however, found in a more natural mesocosm environment. Collectively, these results suggest that for the early life stages of Atlantic cod, and under the current experimental conditions, there is no strong consistent influence of Pan I genotype on survival. The results also emphasize the importance of varied experimental studies to verify the importance of environmental factors influencing genotype selection.
Studies of the pantophysin (Pan I*) locus in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and other marine gadoids indicate that the locus is under positive selection; in Atlantic cod, genotypic variation at this locus ...has been linked to differences in growth. Here, we present preliminary data comparing the growth and condition of different Atlantic cod Pan I* genotypes within families held under seminatural mesocosm conditions. Larvae from three full‐sibling families carrying Pan I*bb or Pan I*ab genotypes were reared for 10 weeks in two mesocosms. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that larvae carrying the Pan I*ab genotype exhibited significantly higher standard length, dry weight, and RNA: DNA ratio (condition factor) than did larvae that carried the Pan I*bb genotype, potentially indicating selection. The influence of linked loci cannot be excluded; indeed, the absence of a significant correlation between genotype and growth in one family may substantiate this. The lack of differences in survival among genotypes indicates that moderate selective effects are acting primarily through size‐specific mortality and fecundity. The proposed putative fitness effects, together with documented marked geographic differentiation in the wild, have implications for Atlantic cod population structure, effective migration rates, recruitment, and local adaptation, which are of particular relevance in a species threatened by continuing exploitation and rising sea temperatures.
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the Psychiatric Out-Patient Experiences Questionnaire (POPEQ). The instrument was developed following a literature review, patient interviews and ...pre-testing of questionnaire items. The POPEQ was administered as part of a postal survey of 15,422 adult outpatients attending Norwegian clinics; 6677 (43.3%) patients responded to the questionnaire. Items had low levels of missing data. Factor analysis showed that 11 widely applicable items contribute to a measure of overall experiences. Sub-dimensions include clinician interaction (six items) information (two items) and outcomes (three items). Item-total correlations ranged from 0.5 to 0.8. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability estimates exceeded the criterion of 0.7; the majority were over 0.8 and total scores over 0.9. Construct validity was supported by the results of 128 tests. The POPEQ includes important aspects of patient experience for psychiatric outpatients and has excellent evidence for reliability and construct validity. The instrument is recommended for the measurement of psychiatric outpatient experiences.
The overall aim of the GLIDER project is to demonstrate an innovative, flexible and cost-efficient offshore monitoring and data management approach. GLIDER consists in the deployment of 3 ocean ...autonomous and mobile platforms, a Sea glider (Kongsberg), a Sailbuoy (Offshore Sensing) and a Wave Glider (Maritime Robotics), fitted with a well proven suite of sensors to collect chemical, physical and biological data of the ocean space. The aim is to increase the sampling of high quality marine environmental data and provide more flexible sampling schemes. These state-of-the-art platforms can move in space, provide long-term and real-time monitoring, and in addition reduce costs and CO2 emission compared to other traditional measurement approaches. A data management e-platform has been developed along with scientists and consultants to ensure a high integration of the collected data. The e-platform will allow to manage the data from storage approach, to visualization tools, and finally to allow interpretation and use for different end users. We have successfully deployed the three vehicles fitted with sensors from March to September 2018 in the Lofoten - Vesterålen area along the Norwegian coast above the Arctic circle (67°16'48''N 14°24'00''E ) with the objective to get a better understanding of the ecosystem during the spawning period of the Atlantic cod. The data collected revealed that the autonomous vehicles provide scientific information of a completely undisturbed ecosystem unlike what is collected from traditional research vessels from which instruments are deployed. The survey provided significant gain on the understanding on the dynamic and timing of biological events over large spatial and temporal scale. Furthermore, we have successfully assimilated data in real time into oceanographic model in order to improve the forecast. Currently, data are being analyzed to understand the ecosystem from the primary production to zooplankton, fish larvae, adult fish and sea mammals. Analysis will offer i) baseline data on a large spatial scale ii) professional solutions to industry operating in the marine environment iii) scientific data for improving knowledge in ecosystem functioning and structure and iv) input data into existing models (oceanography, weather and ecology).
Escapement of farmed fish from the aquaculture is considered as a risk for negative geneticimpacts on native gene pools. In order to investigate potential interbreeding between culturedand wild ...Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L, a genetically marked cod strain was developed.These fish are homozygote for a rare allele in one of the glucosephosphate isomerase locus(GPI-1*30) expressed in white muscle tissue. Offspring from this strain were first used inlarge scale enhancement experiments at three locations in western Norway (1990 – 1994). Asexpected, the releases were followed by a significant increase of the overall frequencies of themarker allele in all locations, but the frequency declined rapidly thereafter. After about 10years, however, significant higher frequency was only detected in one region, suggestingsurvival to maturation and some reproduction success of the released cod. Mature codpossessing the marker allele were collected from this region as basic for establishing a newfarmed genetic tagged strain of cod. This strain was allowed to spawn in net pens in 2006 and2007, and successful spawning was documented as well as leakage of fertilized farmed eggsand larvae into the natural environment. The survival and geographical spreading of thefarmed offspring have been investigated, and recently, genetically marked fish of similar sizeas mature wild cod in the local area was observed. In addition, a new industrial scale studyhas been initiated based on the same cod strain. To year-classes (2007 and 2008), eachconsisting of 500 000 juveniles, are now farmed in a commercial cod facility. Acomprehensive monitoring program has been established to detect escapees during thefarming period. The first escapes, identified through the genetic tag, were found in the fjordarea in November 2008, and a larger escapement was detected in early April 2009. A fractionof these fish were mature and offspring was detected throughout the 30 km long fjord system,including on local spawning sites of the wild cod.
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