Whereas the regulatory mechanisms that direct fruit ripening have been studied extensively, little is known about the signaling mechanisms underlying this process, especially for nonclimacteric ...fruits. In this study, we demonstrated that a SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2, designated as FaSnRK2.6, is a negative regulator of fruit development and ripening in the nonclimacteric fruit strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) and can also mediate temperature-modulated strawberry fruit ripening. FaSnRK2.6 was identified as an ortholog of OPEN STOMATA1. Levels ofFaSnRK2.6transcript rapidly decreased during strawberry fruit development and ripening. FaSnRK2.6 was found to be capable of physically interacting with strawberry ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1, a negative regulator in strawberry fruit ripening. RNA interference-induced silencing of FaSnRK2.6 significantly promoted fruit ripening. By contrast, overexpression of FaSnRK2.6 arrested fruit ripening. Strawberry fruit ripening is highly sensitive to temperature, with high temperatures promoting ripening and low temperatures delaying it. As the temperature increased, the level ofFaSnRK2.6expression declined. Furthermore, manipulating the level ofFaSnRK2.6expression altered the expression of a variety of temperature-responsive genes. Taken together, this study demonstrates that FaSnRK2.6 is a negative regulator of strawberry fruit development and ripening and, furthermore, that FaSnRK2.6 mediates temperature-modulated strawberry fruit ripening.
The hard-end is a disorder of pear fruit, however, the mechanisms underlying its development remain unknown. In this study, we found that the hard-end fruit contained a higher transcript abundance ...level of
(
) and released more ethylene compared to normal pear. In the ethephon treated normal fruit, flesh tissues accumulated more lignin together with elevated expression of
. Overexpressing
transiently in fruit and stably in callus increased lignin accumulation and the expression of lignin biosynthesis genes; the opposite results were observed in fruit showing repressed expression of
. These results confirmed the role of
in promoting hard-end formation through promoting lignin synthesis. This study provided valuable information for further clarifying the regulation of hard-end formation in pear.
For a long time, Computer-aided language Leaching(CALL) system has been widely used in College English teaching practice. With the deepening of education informatization reform, how to use CALL to ...improve college oral English teaching has become a hot research topic. Therefore, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the application of CALL in oral English teaching, and puts forward some improving strategies and optimizing measures under the background of education informatization, aiming to enhance the role of CALL system in oral English teaching, so as to improve the teaching effect and teaching quality of college oral English
Superficial scald of pear fruit is a physiological disorder that easily occurs during cold storage and seriously affects pear eating quality and commodity value. It is important to study the ...mechanism of superficial scald disorder. Our previous study reported that the incidence of superficial scald of calcium chloride (CaCl2)-treated pear fruit during storage was significantly lower than that of untreated fruit. In this study, we found that the accumulation of lignin in CaCl2-treated fruit was significantly lower than that of untreated fruit. The expression of the Pb4CL2 gene in the lignin synthesis pathway was downregulated in the CaCl2-treated fruit. The lignification level of the fruit overexpressing Pb4CL2 was significantly higher than that of the empty vector fruit. Therefore, we speculate that downregulation of Pb4CL2 after CaCl2 treatment plays an important role in CaCl2 inhibiting superficial scald disorder by affecting lignin accumulation in pear fruit.
Endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EG) is involved in the metabolism of plant cell wall, and plays important roles in the growth and development of plants. EG is closely associated with cell elongation, fruit ...ripening, and tissue abscission. Here, two EG genes were cloned from Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Chili, and their expression patterns were analyzed in fruit of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Chili and fruit of Pyrus pyrifolia Rehd. cv. Whangkeumbae. The two pear varieties showed different softening behaviors, ‘Chili’ maintained a stable firmness during the storage time, while the firmness of ‘Whangkeumbae’ decreased during the storage. The functions of two EG genes were discussed in the ripening and softening processes. During the 0°C storage period of ‘Chili’ pears, PbEG3 and PbEG4 expression levels both showed a downward trend. The expression levels of both the genes were high during the early harvest period (0 days), and declined rapidly thereafter. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) inhibited PbEG3 expression, but had no significant effect on PbEG4. During the 0°C storage period of ‘Whangkeumbae’ pears, the expression of PbEG3 first increased, peaked at the 60 th day of storage, declining gradually thereafter until 120 d of storage. In contrast, PbEG4 gene expression displayed decreasing trend at first and increased thereafter. The different expression patterns of the PbEG3 and PbEG4 genes in ‘Chili’ pears and ‘Whangkeumbae’ pears showed that PbEG3 might be involved in ripening and softening, and the expression of the two genes are different in different cultivars.
Endo-1, 4-β-glucanase (EG) is involved in the metabolism of plant cell wall, and plays important roles in the growth and development of plants. EG is closely associated with cell elongation, fruit ...ripening, and tissue abscission. Here, two EG genes were cloned from Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Chili, and their expression patterns were analyzed in fruit of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Chili and fruit of Pyrus pyrifolia Rehd. cv. Whangkeumbae. The two pear varieties showed different softening behaviors, 'Chili' maintained a stable firmness during the storage time, while the firmness of 'Whangkeumbae' decreased during the storage. The functions of two EG genes were discussed in the ripening and softening processes. During the 0℃ storage period of 'Chili' pears, PbEG3 and PbEG4 expression levels both showed a downward trend. The expression levels of both the genes were high during the early harvest period (0 days), and declined rapidly thereafter. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) inhibited PbEG3 expression, but had no significant effect on PbEG4. During the 0℃ storage period of 'Whangkeumbae' pears, the expression of PbEG3 first increased, peaked at the 60 th day of storage, declining gradually thereafter until 120 d of storage. In contrast, PbEG4 gene expression displayed decreasing trend at first and increased thereafter. The different expression patterns of the PbEG3 and PbEG4 genes in 'Chili' pears and 'Whangkeumbae' pears showed that PbEG3 might be involved in ripening and softening, and the expression of the two genes are different in different cultivars.
English-speaking learning strategies were developed introducing semantic analysis technology to improve the speaking ability of students. By combining advanced linguistic theories and artificial ...intelligence (AI) technology, a learning model was developed by integrating speech recognition, NLP (NLP), and semantic analysis. The results of the empirical study showed that the innovative strategy improved students' speaking expressions and provided personalized, semantically oriented learning. Based on this study result, a more effective learning strategy can be developed for university speaking English education to provide a better language development strategy.
The big-data-based English digital teaching platform is the product of the development of modern education and teaching reform. Its main purpose is to apply Internet technology to teaching and ...education and achieve the new mode of "Internet plus Education". The big-data-based English digital teaching platform is designed for teachers to construct online English courses and carry out English teaching with an innovative teaching model and teaching content for students to learn anytime and anywhere. Then, the English learning effect is improved, and the goals of personalized and autonomous learning are fulfilled. The big-data-based English digital teaching platform makes up for the deficits of classroom teaching and improves the effect of students' English study.
Superficial scald of pear fruit is a physiological disorder that easily occurs during cold storage and seriously affects pear eating quality and commodity value. It is important to study the ...mechanism of superficial scald disorder. Our previous study reported that the incidence of superficial scald of calcium chloride (CaClsub.2)-treated pear fruit during storage was significantly lower than that of untreated fruit. In this study, we found that the accumulation of lignin in CaClsub.2-treated fruit was significantly lower than that of untreated fruit. The expression of the Pb4CL2 gene in the lignin synthesis pathway was downregulated in the CaClsub.2-treated fruit. The lignification level of the fruit overexpressing Pb4CL2 was significantly higher than that of the empty vector fruit. Therefore, we speculate that downregulation of Pb4CL2 after CaClsub.2 treatment plays an important role in CaClsub.2 inhibiting superficial scald disorder by affecting lignin accumulation in pear fruit.
A negative regulator of strawberry fruit development and ripening in strawberry fruit ripening is a homolog of a well-characterized protein kinase.
Whereas the regulatory mechanisms that direct fruit ...ripening have been studied extensively, little is known about the signaling mechanisms underlying this process, especially for nonclimacteric fruits. In this study, we demonstrated that a SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2, designated as FaSnRK2.6, is a negative regulator of fruit development and ripening in the nonclimacteric fruit strawberry (
Fragaria × ananassa
) and can also mediate temperature-modulated strawberry fruit ripening. FaSnRK2.6 was identified as an ortholog of OPEN STOMATA1. Levels of
FaSnRK2.6
transcript rapidly decreased during strawberry fruit development and ripening. FaSnRK2.6 was found to be capable of physically interacting with strawberry ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1, a negative regulator in strawberry fruit ripening. RNA interference-induced silencing of FaSnRK2.6 significantly promoted fruit ripening. By contrast, overexpression of FaSnRK2.6 arrested fruit ripening. Strawberry fruit ripening is highly sensitive to temperature, with high temperatures promoting ripening and low temperatures delaying it. As the temperature increased, the level of
FaSnRK2.6
expression declined. Furthermore, manipulating the level of
FaSnRK2.6
expression altered the expression of a variety of temperature-responsive genes. Taken together, this study demonstrates that FaSnRK2.6 is a negative regulator of strawberry fruit development and ripening and, furthermore, that FaSnRK2.6 mediates temperature-modulated strawberry fruit ripening.
PDF
