•Consumers scored their liking and used a CATA question to describe the products.•Consumers also indicated the same CATA question on their ideal product.•A new form of penalty analysis for CATA ...questions was applied.•Drivers of liking and directions for product reformulation were identified.•PLS modeling indicated the potential for improvement for each product.
One of the most important steps of new product development process is product optimization, which aims at identifying consumers’ ideal products and directions for product reformulation. The present work proposes the application of a penalty analysis based on consumer responses to CATA questions to identify drivers of liking and directions for product reformulation. Two studies were conducted in which 74 and 119 consumers evaluated a set of samples (5 apples and 8 yogurts) using a check-all-that-apply question related to sensory characteristics and were also asked to check all the terms they considered appropriate to describe their ideal product. Data were analyzed by counting the number of consumers who did not check an attribute as they did for their ideal product, and its associated mean drop. A dummy variable transformation approach was proposed to make linear regression models between CATA terms and overall liking scores using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Juiciness, sweetness, apple flavor, firmness and crispiness were the most relevant attributes for consumers in the apple study. Meanwhile, in the yogurt study smoothness, homogeneity and creaminess were the main drivers of liking and were responsible for the highest penalization on overall liking (more than 1 in the 9-point hedonic scale). PLS regression enabled the identification of the attributes which deviation from the ideal caused a significant decrease in overall liking. Penalty analysis on CATA questions proved to be a simple and useful approach to identify drivers of liking and directions for improving the products in both studies. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed, as well as directions for further research.
Currently, in addition to the use of olive oil in cosmetics, the use of olive-derived bioactives and their incorporation into cosmetics is a growing trend. The olive oil industry produces vast ...quantities of by-products, such as olive mill wastewater, olive pomace and leaves from which new ingredients may be obtained for cosmetic use. In this way, by-products are revalorized, which contributes to the implementation of a sustainable economy or upcycling. This review intends to provide a detailed overview of the different extraction techniques reported in order to obtain the bioactive compounds of cosmetic value that can be found in olive by-products: fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytosterols and squalene. Different extraction techniques are presented, including some traditional techniques (solid–liquid extraction) and more novel or “greener” ones: ultrasound, microwave, supercritical extraction, pressurized fluids and deep eutectic solvents. Additionally, different applications of olive by-products in skin care products are explored: emollient, antioxidant, anti-age, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial, and the perspective of consumers is also considered since they increasingly demand products formulated with natural ingredients.
The lipid profile of milk from grazing goats supplemented with vegetable oils was evaluated. Twenty-seven Saanen goats consuming pasture were grouped and supplemented with 3 concentrates: without ...added oil (control, C) and with added sunflower (SFO) or soybean oil (SBO) until 6% ether extract (diet basis). Fat content and sensory profile of milk were not modified. Vaccenic acid increased for SBO and SFO (1.5% vs. 2.6% and 2.7% respectively; p < 0.01), and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid from 0.6% to 0.8% for treated groups (p < 0.01). Oil supplementation resulted effective to decrease the saturated/unsaturated ratio of grazing goat's milk.
Coffee is one of the most significant beverages consumed worldwide. However, the substantial production and consumption of coffee has led to the generation of large amounts of by-products, such as ...coffee silverskin (CS).The first objective was to study the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions from CS according to a simple factorial design, in order to obtain natural extracts as a source of polyphenols and caffeine with high antioxidant activity. The second objective was to include CS powder (CSP) or ultrasound CS extract (UCSE) in the elaboration of cookies, in order to obtain an enriched food product with potential health benefits for consumers.CS was characterized in terms of moisture, protein, lipids, ash, total dietary fiber, total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. The UCSE was characterized in terms of extraction yield, TPC, caffeine content and antioxidant activity (ABTS and ORAC assays).The best UCSE used for cookie elaboration was obtained at 60 min and 180 W with the following values: 8.8 %wt; 36.8 mg GAE/g; 62.7 µmol caffeine/g; 491.1 µmol/g (ABTS assay); 1012.4 µmol/g (ORAC assay). Finally, the cookies were sensory and chemically characterized. In the cookies containing UCSE the sensory acceptability was not modified with respect to the control cookies and an increase in TPC and antioxidant activity was achieved. However, the incorporation of CSP lead to a decrease in the acceptability despite the fact that the cookies constitute a source of fiber. Results reinforce the use of green extraction technologies to obtain antioxidants compounds from natural sources.
Alpeorujo is a semi-solid residue from the olive oil industry that accounts for around 80–85% of the total processed olives; it contains phenolic compounds that could be used as natural preservatives ...in the food industry. The objective of this study was to optimize supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of antioxidant compounds from alperujo using a Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology. Antioxidant (ABTS and ORAC assays) and antimicrobial (MIC) potential of SFE extracts from Arbequina and Coratina were compared for extracts obtained in the optimal conditions to maximize the antioxidant activity (200 bar, 60 °C and 10% ethanol as modifier). Extracts from Coratina presented a significantly higher (p < 0.05) TPC (1487–2073 mg GAE/kg) and tocopherol content (345–454 ppm), although, in general, a correlation between these values and antioxidant activity of extracts was not observed. Moreover, Arbequina and Coratina SFE extracts showed moderate bacterial inhibitory potential against most of the bacteria studied.
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•Temperature, pressure and ethanol as a modifier were evaluated as independent factors.•Temperature and ethanol improved total phenols and antioxidant activity of SFE extracts.•Alperujo extracts from Arbequina and Coratina cultivars were compared.•SFE extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Gram- and Gram+bacteria.•Coratina SFE extracts showed higher potential for its use as food antioxidant.
Olive leaves (OL) are considered a potential source of bioactive compounds mainly due to its high content of phenolic compounds, widely known as natural antioxidants. The main objective of this study ...was to compare the performance of three OL extracts obtained by different extraction techniques in protecting canola oil against oxidative damage. The technologies evaluated were maceration with ethanol/water 75:25 (v/v), supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 (SC–CO2) and SC-CO2 with 10% ethanol as modifier (SC–CO2/EtOH). Each extract was analyzed as for total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) and phenolic composition by reversed phase liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. The oxidative stability of canola oil with or without the incorporation of 250 mg/kg of each extract was assessed during five weeks of storage at 60 °C. Peroxide, K232, K270, and Rancimat values, besides tocopherols content were determined. Macerated extract showed the highest TPC and antioxidant activity, but both SC-CO2 extracts were more effective in preserving tocopherols. In addition, SC-CO2 extracts delayed the oxidation progress as they lead to higher induction periods than control and macerated extracts, and a slower increase in peroxide values. Results obtained reinforce the use of supercritical fluid technology to obtain antioxidants compounds from natural sources.
•Natural extracts from agro-industrial waste were obtained by different methods.•Extracts were incorporated in canola oil and its oxidative stability was studied.•Extracts obtained from olive leaves extended the shelf life of canola oil.•Supercritical extracts offered higher protection against oxidation of Canola oil.•Extracts' chemical characterization was performed by RP/HPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS.
•Nutritional properties of goat milk and cheeses elaborated were modified.•Danbo Type cheeses elaborated can be considered a good source of CLA and TVA.•Supplemented diet increased cheese fat ...content, without affecting protein content.•Microbiological, sensory profile and consumer acceptability were not affected.•Absence of negative effects in sensory properties were maintained during the shelf life.
Goat`s milk and its dairy products have been commonly related to important nutritional and health benefits. In fact, fat fraction is one of the most important components of goat’s milk regarding its value, as lipids are involved in cheese yield, firmness, color and flavor of goat dairy products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification in the lipid and sensory profile of cheeses elaborated with goat milk, through diet inclusion of sunflower oil (SFO). The main objective was to elaborate Danbo Type cheeses with increased content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA), and at the same time decrease the proportion of saturated fat, and evaluate these values during the shelf life of the cheeses. The study was conducted with 60 Saanen goats separated into two homogeneous groups and supplemented for 18 days with one of two concentrates: without added oil (control, C) or enriched with sunflower oil (SFO). Cheeses were elaborated using goat milk, collected after desirable changes in its lipid profile were achieved. Physicochemical, microbiological, and fatty acid composition together with the sensory profile were evaluated. In SFO cheeses fat content increased, without affecting protein content, microbiological, sensory profile and consumer acceptability. Also, the content of TVA increased from 2.4 to 4.4 % (p < 0.01), while CLA presented an increase from 0.8 to 1.3 % (p < 0.01). A decrease in the saturated/unsaturated ratio was observed resulting in a decrease in the atherogenic index. Therefore, inclusion of SFO in the diet of goats could be a viable alternative to increase the contribution of fatty acids with beneficial effects for health in cheeses.
Currently, in addition to the use of olive oil in cosmetics, the use of olive-derived bioactives and their incorporation into cosmetics is a growing trend. The olive oil industry produces vast ...quantities of by-products, such as olive mill wastewater, olive pomace and leaves from which new ingredients may be obtained for cosmetic use. In this way, by-products are revalorized, which contributes to the implementation of a sustainable economy or upcycling. This review intends to provide a detailed overview of the different extraction techniques reported in order to obtain the bioactive compounds of cosmetic value that can be found in olive by-products: fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytosterols and squalene. Different extraction techniques are presented, including some traditional techniques (solid–liquid extraction) and more novel or “greener” ones: ultrasound, microwave, supercritical extraction, pressurized fluids and deep eutectic solvents. Additionally, different applications of olive by-products in skin care products are explored: emollient, antioxidant, anti-age, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial, and the perspective of consumers is also considered since they increasingly demand products formulated with natural ingredients.
The objectives of the present work were to assess the use of moderate doses of gamma irradiation (2 to 5kGy) and to reduce the risk of pathogen presence without altering the quality attributes of ...bovine trimmings and of patties made of irradiated trimmings. Microbiological indicators (coliforms, Pseudomonas spp and mesophilic aerobic counts), physicochemical indicators (pH, color and tiobarbituric acid) and sensory changes were evaluated during storage. 5 kGy irradiation doses slightly increased off flavors in patties. Two pathogenic markers (Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7) were inoculated at high or low loads to trimming samples which were subsequently irradiated and lethality curves were obtained. Provided that using irradiation doses ≤2.5kGy are used, reductions of 2logCFU/g of L. monocytogenes and 5logCFU/g of E. coli O157:H7 are expected. It seems reasonable to suppose that irradiation can be successfully employed to improve the safety of frozen trimmings when initial pathogenic bacteria burdens are not extremely high.
•Irradiation proved to be a valid alternative for processing bovine trimmings.•2logCFU/g of L. monocytogenes are reduced using irradiation doses up to 2.5kGy.•5logCFU/g of E. coli O157:H7 are reduced using irradiation doses up to 2.5kGy.•Irradiation doses of up to 5kGy did not affect L*, a* and b* values on beef patties.•There were no sensory differences between patties made of 1 or 30d aged irradiated trimmings.•5kGy dose increased off flavor intensity of patties made of 30d aged trimmings.
The relationship between nutritional knowledge and the consumption frequency of preferred food-types was studied among one sample of Uruguayan consumers. A locally-adapted version of Parmenter & ...Wardle's General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire and a food consumption survey based on 39 food groups were completed by a total of 270 participants. Cluster Analysis enabled the identification of two clusters showing different levels of nutritional knowledge--cluster 1 (n = 177) and cluster 2 (n = 93), providing an average of 73.6% and 52.9% of correct answers, respectively. These clusters differed significantly (p < or = 0.05) in age and educational distribution--cluster 1 was composed mainly by older adults and persons with a higher educational level. A number of areas were identified where nutritional knowledge was extremely poor, as was the case with the recommended daily fruit and vegetable intake and the caloric content of the nutrients. Overall, nutritional knowledge was found to have a positive influence on food preferences and consumption frequency, those participants with a higher nutritional knowledge reporting a higher consumption of fruits, vegetables and low-fat products, in addition to a lower consumption of high-fat and high-sugar foods.
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