Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the ...Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the ∼20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water-vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity (normalized by the luminosity of the Sun) of 1.6 to 4.0 × 10–6 and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 kelvin. For this age and luminosity, "hot-start" formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. This planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the "cold-start" core-accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.
Proprioceptors in extraocular muscles Blumer, Roland; Carrero‐Rojas, Génova; Calvo, Paula M. ...
Experimental physiology,
1 January 2024, Letnik:
109, Številka:
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Journal Article
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Proprioception is the sense that lets us perceive the location, movement and action of the body parts. The proprioceptive apparatus includes specialized sense organs (proprioceptors) which are ...embedded in the skeletal muscles. The eyeballs are moved by six pairs of eye muscles and binocular vision depends on fine‐tuned coordination of the optical axes of both eyes. Although experimental studies indicate that the brain has access to eye position information, both classical proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ) are absent in the extraocular muscles of most mammalian species. This paradox of monitoring extraocular muscle activity in the absence of typical proprioceptors seemed to be resolved when a particular nerve specialization (the palisade ending) was detected in the extraocular muscles of mammals. In fact, for decades there was consensus that palisade endings were sensory structures that provide eye position information. The sensory function was called into question when recent studies revealed the molecular phenotype and the origin of palisade endings. Today we are faced with the fact that palisade endings exhibit sensory as well as motor features. This review aims to evaluate the literature on extraocular muscle proprioceptors and palisade endings and to reconsider current knowledge of their structure and function.
What is the topic of this review?
This review aims to evaluate the literature on proprioceptors and particular nerve specializations (palisade endings) in mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs) and to reconsider current knowledge of their structure and function.
What advances does it highlight?
Classical proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) are absent in the EOMs of most mammals. Instead, palisade endings are present in most mammalian EOMs. For many years, palisade endings were considered to be sensory but recent studies show that they combine sensory and motor features. The functional significance of palisade endings is still debated.
A new class of polymeric thermometers with a memory function is reported that is based on the supramolecular host–guest interactions of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with side‐chain ...naphthalene guest moieties and the tetracationic macrocycle cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT4+) as the host. This supramolecular thermometer exhibits a memory function for the thermal history of the solution, which arises from the large hysteresis of the thermoresponsive LCST phase transition (LCST=lower critical solution temperature). This hysteresis is based on the formation of a metastable soluble state that consists of the PNIPAM–CBPQT4+ host–guest complex. When heated above the transition temperature, the polymer collapses, and the host–guest interactions are disrupted, making the polymer more hydrophobic and less soluble in water. Aside from providing fundamental insights into the kinetic control of supramolecular assemblies, the developed thermometer with a memory function might find use in applications spanning the physical and biological sciences.
A polymeric thermometer with a visual read‐out is based on the supramolecular interaction between a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) copolymer with naphthalene side chains and the tetracationic macrocycle cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) tetrachloride. This supramolecular thermometer is (re)programmable and exhibits a memory for the thermal history of the solution.
Retinal gene therapy has shown great promise in treating retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a primary photoreceptor degeneration that leads to severe sight loss in young people. In the present study, we ...report the first-in-human phase 1/2, dose-escalation clinical trial for X-linked RP caused by mutations in the RP GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene in 18 patients over up to 6 months of follow-up (https://clinicaltrials.gov/: NCT03116113). The primary outcome of the study was safety, and secondary outcomes included visual acuity, microperimetry and central retinal thickness. Apart from steroid-responsive subretinal inflammation in patients at the higher doses, there were no notable safety concerns after subretinal delivery of an adeno-associated viral vector encoding codon-optimized human RPGR (AAV8-coRPGR), meeting the pre-specified primary endpoint. Visual field improvements beginning at 1 month and maintained to the last point of follow-up were observed in six patients.
Crystalline aquifers are layered systems in which the hydrogeological path of waters extends from highly weathered, shallow and porous rocks to poorly weathered, deep and fissured rocks. This varying ...hydrogeological setting influences the water chemistry in different ways. The paper aims to reconstruct the water-rock interaction process in these various environments starting from a solid reactant represented by an average granite rock and several waters from the shallow aquifer. Afterwards, the water-rock interaction processes occurring in the deep environment are reconstructed, varying the geochemical conditions (primary reactants, secondary mineral phases allowed to precipitate, fO2 and fCO2), with a special focus on fluoride (F-). The evolution from the F-poor, Ca-HCO3 facies to the F-rich, Na-HCO3 water type of high pH was simulated using reaction path modelling. The obtained results show that the theoretical evolution trends well reproduce both shallow and deep water samples providing detailed information on the behavior of fluoride and other relevant constituents (i.e., Na, K, Ca, Mg, SiO2). The performed model represents a flexible and powerful tool for environmental research, applicable in other areas hosting F-rich groundwater.
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•Reaction path modelling of granite dissolution in meteoric water•Water composition changes from shallow to deep aquifers based on environmental conditions.•In Ca-HCO3 waters the fluoride content is mainly due to the dissolution of Biotite.•The precipitation of calcite, coupled with the dissolution of fluorite causes an increase in fluoride in the Na- HCO3 waters.
Abstract
We present new near-infrared Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) spectroscopy of HD 206893 B, a substellar companion orbiting within the debris disk of its F5V star. The
J
,
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,
K1
, and
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spectra ...from GPI demonstrate the extraordinarily red colors of the object, confirming it as the reddest substellar object observed to date. The significant flux increase throughout the infrared presents a challenging atmosphere to model with existing grids. Best-fit values vary from 1200 to 1800 K for effective temperature and from 3.0 to 5.0 for log(
g
), depending on which individual wavelength band is fit and which model suite is applied. The extreme redness of the companion can be partially reconciled by invoking a high-altitude layer of submicron dust particles, similar to dereddening approaches applied to the peculiar red field L dwarf population. However, reconciling the HD 206893 B spectra with even those of the reddest low-gravity L dwarf spectra still requires the contribution of additional atmospheric dust, potentially due to the debris disk environment in which the companion resides. Orbit fitting from 4 yr of astrometric monitoring is consistent with a ∼30 yr period, an orbital inclination of 147°, and a semimajor axis of 10 au, well within the estimated disk inner radius of ∼50 au. As one of a very few substellar companions imaged interior to a circumstellar disk, the properties of this system offer important dynamical constraints on companion–disk interaction and provide a benchmark for substellar and planetary atmospheric study.
Arsenic (As) is one of the most investigated elements worldwide due to its negative impact on the natural system. Its geochemical behavior depends on several geogenic processes, which can cause ...hazardous enrichment into natural waters, even in remote areas, far from anthropogenic sources. In this work the arsenic pollution issue has been addressed by studying water-rock interaction processes and applying reaction path modelling as a tool to understand the rock-to-water release of As and the fate of this natural pollutant in crystalline aquifers. In-depth geochemical characterization of several water samples discharging from crystalline aquifers was performed. The obtained data were used to fix the boundary conditions and validate the modelling outcomes. The performed modelling allowed to reconstruct the water-rock interaction processes which occur (i) in shallow and relatively shallow crystalline aquifers in which no As anomalies were observed and (ii) in As-rich areas, coupling reaction path modelling of granite dissolution with adsorption of dissolved As onto precipitating crystalline and amorphous Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides given the widespread presence of these phases in the studied environment. The results of the geochemical modelling are in agreement with the analytical data and reproduce them satisfactorily. The performed geochemical modelling is of high environmental significance because it is a flexible and powerful tool that correctly defines the water-rock interaction processes occurring in crystalline aquifers, providing valuable data to improve the knowledge on As behavior, not only in the study area, but also in similar geological settings worldwide. Therefore, the present research has broad future perspectives in the environmental field.
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•The reaction path modeling is a powerful tool to define the geochemical behavior of arsenic.•Crystalline aquifers can contain high arsenic levels due to dissolution of As-rich phases.•The pyrite dissolution depend on dissolved oxygen and on availability of Fe(III) in the water.•The Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides at variable crystallinity control the dissolved As levels in groundwaters.
This paper presents a study on the mechanical characterization of novel short curauá/glass fibre reinforced interlaminar hybrid composite adhesive joints. The study aims to optimize the performance ...of these joints by analysing their mechanical properties as a function of the number of external synthetic layers and the architectural symmetry. Short curauá fibres and glass fibre bidirectional fabrics were used with a bi-component epoxy matrix in order to fabricate the hybrid composite adherends. The glass fibre bidirectional fabrics were placed on the outer layers, while the short curauá fibres were used as the core of the hybrid composites. The mechanical properties of the composites used as adherends, including tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance, were determined through mechanical testing. Single lap joints bonded with a structural ductile bi-component epoxy automotive adhesive were fabricated and tested for each case. The results show that the failure mode of the bonded joints is strongly influenced by the composition and configuration of the adherends' composite layers. It was found that the effect of the number of synthetic layers is highly significant for bonded joint failure load, while no significant variation was observed as a function of architecture symmetry. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties of adhesively bonded joints in hybrid curauá/glass fibre reinforced composites, which can be useful in the design and optimization of these materials for various engineering applications.
•A geochemical analysis of three groundwaters of the Sila Massif (Italy) was made.•NF experiments were carried out to purify the As-contaminated groundwaters.•NF permeates with As contents lower than ...10 ppb were obtained.
Arsenic (As) is one of the most dangerous inorganic pollutants for the environment and human health that can be found in water streams. Membrane processes, like nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), have successfully been applied for the removal of arsenic, but mainly from model solutions. Therefore, their efficiency in treating real contaminated sources, where also other species are present, still needs to be deeply investigated. In this direction, the present research deals with the application of NF for the remediation of natural As(V)-contaminated groundwaters. The sampling area was located in the Sila Massif (Calabria, Italy) where high values of arsenic in different environmental matrices, such as rocks, soils and waters, were detected. The geochemical analysis of three groundwaters showed As values exceeding the permitted content (10 ppb). These samples were treated by NF using two types of membranes commercialized by GE Osmonics, named HL and DK, both made of polyamide thin-film and with the same molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), but presenting different MgSO4 rejections and water fluxes. During the experiments, the water flux and the As rejection for each membrane at different operating pressures were evaluated. Both membranes led to an arsenic concentration in the permeate lower than 10 pbb for groundwaters with arsenic contents ranging from 59 to 118 pbb, while the highest water flux was obtained with the HL membrane.
BDNF is a neurotrophin family member implicated in many different neuronal functions, from neuronal survival during development to synaptic plasticity associated with processes of learning and ...memory. Its presence in the oculomotor system has previously been demonstrated, as it regulates afferent composition of extraocular motoneurons and their firing pattern. Moreover, BDNF expression increases after extraocular motoneuron partial deafferentation, in parallel with terminal axon sprouting from the remaining axons. To elucidate whether BDNF could play an active role in this process, we performed partial deafferentation of the medial rectus motoneurons through transection of one of the two main afferents, that is, the ascending tract of Deiters, and injected BDNF into the motoneuron target muscle, the medial rectus. Furthermore, to check whether BDNF could stimulate axon sprouting without lesions, we performed the same experiment without any lesions. Axon terminal sprouting was assessed by calretinin immunostaining, which specifically labels the remaining afferent system on medial rectus motoneurons, the abducens internuclear neurons. The results presented herein show that exogenous BDNF stimulated terminal axon growth, allowing the total recovery of synaptic coverage around the motoneuron somata. Moreover, calretinin staining in the neuropil exceeded that present in the control situation. Thus, BDNF could also stimulate axonal sprouting in the neuropil of intact animals. These results point to an active role of BDNF in plastic adaptations that take place after partial deafferentation.
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