Brain disturbances during development can have a lasting impact on neural function and behavior. Seizures during this critical period are linked to significant long-term consequences such as ...neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive impairments, and psychiatric symptoms, resulting in a complex spectrum of multimorbidity. The hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (HPC-PFC) circuit emerges as a potential common link between such disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying these outcomes and how they relate to specific behavioral alterations are unclear. We hypothesized that specific dysfunctions of hippocampal-cortical communication due to early-life seizure would be associated with distinct behavioral alterations observed in adulthood. Here, we performed a multilevel study to investigate behavioral, electrophysiological, histopathological, and neurochemical long-term consequences of early-life
in male rats. We show that adult animals submitted to early-life seizure (ELS) present working memory impairments and sensorimotor disturbances, such as hyperlocomotion, poor sensorimotor gating, and sensitivity to psychostimulants despite not exhibiting neuronal loss. Surprisingly, cognitive deficits were linked to an aberrant increase in the HPC-PFC long-term potentiation (LTP) in a U-shaped manner, while sensorimotor alterations were associated with heightened neuroinflammation, as verified by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, and altered dopamine neurotransmission. Furthermore, ELS rats displayed impaired HPC-PFC theta-gamma coordination and an abnormal brain state during active behavior resembling rapid eye movement (REM) sleep oscillatory dynamics. Our results point to impaired HPC-PFC functional connectivity as a possible pathophysiological mechanism by which ELS can cause cognitive deficits and psychiatric-like manifestations even without neuronal loss, bearing translational implications for understanding the spectrum of multidimensional developmental disorders linked to early-life seizures.
Brain disturbances during development can have a lasting impact on neural function and behavior. Seizures during this critical period are linked to significant long-term consequences such as ...neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive impairments, and psychiatric symptoms, resulting in a complex spectrum of multimorbidity. The hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (HPC-PFC) circuit emerges as a potential common link between such disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying these outcomes and how they relate to specific behavioral alterations are unclear. We hypothesized that specific dysfunctions of hippocampal-cortical communication due to early-life seizure would be associated with distinct behavioral alterations observed in adulthood. Here, we performed a multilevel study to investigate behavioral, electrophysiological, histopathological, and neurochemical long-term consequences of early-life Status epilepticus in male rats. We show that adult animals submitted to early-life seizure (ELS) present working memory impairments and sensorimotor disturbances, such as hyperlocomotion, poor sensorimotor gating, and sensitivity to psychostimulants despite not exhibiting neuronal loss. Surprisingly, cognitive deficits were linked to an aberrant increase in the HPC-PFC long-term potentiation (LTP) in a U-shaped manner, while sensorimotor alterations were associated with heightened neuroinflammation, as verified by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, and altered dopamine neurotransmission. Furthermore, ELS rats displayed impaired HPC-PFC theta-gamma coordination and an abnormal brain state during active behavior resembling rapid eye movement (REM) sleep oscillatory dynamics. Our results point to impaired HPC-PFC functional connectivity as a possible pathophysiological mechanism by which ELS can cause cognitive deficits and psychiatric-like manifestations even without neuronal loss, bearing translational implications for understanding the spectrum of multidimensional developmental disorders linked to early-life seizures.
A esquizofrenia é uma desordem neuropsiquiátrica de importância significativa para as pesquisas na área da saúde, porém, apesar de ser alvo de inúmeros estudos clínicos e básicos ainda são levantadas ...muitas dúvidas a respeito de sua etiologia, fisiopatologia e tratamento. Nos últimos anos, hipóteses que relacionam a esquizofrenia a alterações em sistemas neurotransmissores têm sido bem relevantes. Atualmente a hipótese glutamatérgica complementa a dopaminérgica, já que o bloqueio de receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA induz sintomas do tipo psicóticos em indivíduos saudáveis e exacerba ou precipita sintomas da esquizofrenia em indivíduos portadores da doença, sugerindo que um estado hipofuncional desses receptores possa causar alterações secundárias em outros sistemas neurotransmissores e provocar tanto os sintomas positivos e negativos quanto os déficits cognitivos da doença. O canabidiol (CBD) é um composto derivado da Cannabis sativa que não apresenta os efeitos psicotomiméticos e os sintomas colaterais geralmente provocados pela utilização da planta e que são, em sua maioria, atribuídos ao delta-9-tetrahidrocanabinol (THC). Recentemente os estudos a respeito da participação do sistema endocanabinóide em diversos estados fisiológicos e, também em transtornos psiquiátricos, apontam o uso terapêutico de canabinóides como uma estratégia promissora para o controle e prevenção de alguns sintomas ligados a transtornos psicóticos. O perfil antipsicótico do CBD já foi comprovado em modelos experimentais e até em análises clínicas, indicando que esse composto é capaz de prevenir estados psicóticos transitórios, provocados tanto pelo THC quanto pela ketamina, em modelos de psicose induzida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi incrementar as informações já existentes sobre o perfil antipsicótico proposto para o CBD, porém, em três tipos de tarefas comportamentais em roedores, que representam três classes de sintomas do tipo psicóticos que se assemelham aos sintomas da esquizofrenia: atividade locomotora, inibição pré-pulso do reflexo de sobressalto (PPI) e teste de interação social. No modelo utilizado, a S(+)-ketamina (KET) é eficaz na indução de comportamentos que representem sintomas do tipo psicóticos - provocou hiperlocomoção, déficit no filtro sensório-motor e prejuízo no comportamento social. Esses são foram reduzidos quando realizado pré-tratamento com clozapina, com exceção do teste de interação social. Os efeitos do CBD são de acordo com o que é descrito na literatura, apresentando uma curva em U farmacológica característica e diferentes efeitos 6 de acordo com a dose empregada. A análise no monitor de atividades indica que o pré- tratamento com CBD na dose de 30 mg/kg previne a hiperlocomoção induzida por KET, contrastando com o pré-tratamento com CBD na dose de 60 mg/kg, que provoca o aumento do comportamento exploratório após a administração de KET. No PPI, o CBD na dose de 30 mg/kg previne o déficit provocado pela administração de KET, demonstrando-se eficaz para o tratamento de prejuízos cognitivos que acompanham as psicoses; e aumenta o reflexo de sobressalto quando associado a KET. Porém, no teste de interação social, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas. Portanto, com esses resultados, demonstrou-se que o CBD pode ser realmente efetivo para o tratamento de determinados sintomas dos transtornos psicóticos, assim como indicado em alguns trabalhos já desenvolvidos.
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder of significant importance for research in health care, however, despite being the target of numerous clinical and basic studies, there are still many doubts raised about its etiology, pathophysiology and treatment. In recent years, schizophrenia hypotheses that relate to changes in neurotransmitter systems have been very relevant. Currently, the glutamatergic hypothesis complements the dopaminergic, since blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors induces psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and exacerbate them in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that a hipofuncional state of these receptors may cause secondary changes in other neurotransmitter systems, leading to positive and negative symptoms and also to cognitive deficits of the disease. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound derived from Cannabis sativa that does not show neither the psychotomimetic effects nor side effect symptoms typically caused by the plant use, which are mostly attributed to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Recently studies about the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in various physiological states and also in psychiatric disorders, suggest the therapeutic use of cannabinoids as a promising strategy for the prevention and control of some symptoms linked, for example, to anxiety, epilepsy and psychotic disorders. The antipsychotic profile of CBD has been confirmed in experimental 7 models and even in clinical trials, indicating that this compound is capable of preventing transient psychotic states caused both by THC and S (+)-ketamine (KET) in psychosis-induced models. The objective of this study was to enhance the existing information on the antipsychotic profile proposed for the CBD, however, three types of behavioral tasks were made for the analysis of three classes of psychotic-like symptoms in rodents, which are manifested through hyperlocomotion (positive symptoms), impairment in social interaction (negative symptoms) and a deficit in sensorimotor gating (cognitive deficits). The effects achieved with CBD are in accordance with the described in literature, a characteristic Ushaped curve and different pharmacological effects according to dose used. The analysis in the open field reveals that animals pretreated with CBD at a dose of 30 mg/kg shows a reduction in KET-induced hyperlocomotion, contrasting with the effects of CBD at a dose of 60 mg/kg, that enhances exploratory behavior after KET injection. In the PPI, the CBD at a dose of 30 mg/kg prevented the deficit caused by KET administration, showing effectiveness for the treatment of cognitive impairments that accompany psychosis; and enhances startle reflex when associated to KET. Therefore, with these results, it was demonstrated that CBD may be really effective for the treatment of certain symptoms of psychotic disorders, in accordance to some already developed studies.
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