ABSTRACT
Parenting very young children in the context of military service, deployment separations, and war‐related trauma can be challenging for many families. Female active duty personnel represent ...one of the fastest growing segments of the military, and recent policy changes have led women to pursue serving in combat positions at much higher rates. While not much is known about service member mothers, some studies have shown that they experience significant symptoms of distress, depression, and anxiety during the deployment cycle, feelings of disconnection from family during reintegration, and higher rates of childhood trauma histories than their male counterparts. Service member mothers who experience the combined stressors of deployment separation, combat exposure, and adverse childhood experiences—a triple threat—may be at serious risk of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptomatology, which can negatively influence the quality and nature of their parenting and parent–child relationships. This case report describes the participation of a young single service member mother and her preschool‐aged daughter in a home‐based, reintegration program designed for military families with very young children (ages 0–5). The paper illustrates how this relationship‐based, reflective parenting intervention was effective in increasing the mother's sense of competence in her parenting and strengthening the parent–child relationship.
RESUMEN
Criar a niños muy pequeños en el contexto del servicio militar, las separaciones debido a asignaciones militares de trabajo y el trauma relacionado con la guerra pueden representar un reto para muchas familias. Las mujeres, como miembros del personal activo con asignaciones militares, representan uno de los segmentos que aumentan más rápidamente dentro del campo militar, y los cambios recientes en las regulaciones han llevado a las mujeres a dedicarse al servicio en posiciones de combate en porcentajes mucho más altos. Aunque no mucho se sabe acerca de las madres que son miembros del servicio militar, algunos estudios han mostrado que ellas experimentan síntomas significativos de angustia, depresión y ansiedad durante el ciclo de asignación militar de trabajo, sentimientos de desconexión de la familia durante la reintegración, y más altos porcentajes de historias de trauma en la niñez que sus compañeros varones. Las mujeres en el servicio militar que experimentan la combinación de factores de estrés por la separación debido a la asignación de trabajo, el estar expuestas al combate, y las adversas experiencias de la niñez – una triple amenaza – pudieran encontrarse bajo un serio riesgo de estrés postraumático y sintomatología depresiva lo cual puede influir negativamente la calidad y naturaleza de la crianza y las relaciones progenitor‐niño. Este reporte de caso describe la participación de una madre joven soltera miembro del servicio militar y su hija de edad prescolar dentro de un programa de reintegración con base en el hogar diseñado para familias militares con niños muy pequeños (edad 0–5). El ensayo ilustra cómo esta intervención de crianza con reflexión con base en la relación afectiva fue eficaz en lograr aumentar el sentido de competencia de la madre en cuanto a la crianza y fortalecer la relación progenitor‐niño.
RÉSUMÉ
Le parentage de très jeunes enfants dans le contexte du service militaire, des séparations de déploiement et du trauma lié à la guerre peut s'avérer difficile pour bien des familles. Les femmes des forces armées représentent l'une des segments à la croissance la plus rapide des forces armées américaines et des changements politiques récents aux Etats‐Unis ont amené les femmes à s'intéresser aux positions de combat à des taux beaucoup plus élevés qu'auparavant. Bien qu'on sache peu de choses sur les mères dans les forces armées, certaines études ont montré qu'elles font l'expérience de symptômes importants de détresse, de dépression et d'anxiété durant leur cycle de déploiement ainsi que de sentiments de déconnexion de la famille durant leur réintégration, et font preuve d'une incidence d'histoire de trauma de l'enfance bien plus élevée que leurs contreparties hommes. Les mères dans les forces armées qui font l'expérience d'une combinaison de facteurs de stress comme la séparation du déploiement, l'exposition au combat, et des expériences adverses de l'enfance – une triple menace – peut être à risque sérieux de stress post traumatique et d'une symptomatologie dépressive qui peut influencer la qualité et la nature de leur parentage et des relations parent‐enfant de manière négative. Cette étude de cas décrit la participation d'une mère des forces armées jeune et célibataire et sa fille d’âge préscolaire dans un programme de réintégration à domicile pour les familles de militaires avec de très jeunes enfants (âges 0–5). Cet article illustre la manière dont cette intervention réflective, basée sur le parentage, était efficace pour l'augmentation du sens de compétence et confiance en son parentage de la part de la mère ainsi que pour le renforcement de la relation parent‐enfant.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die Erziehung von sehr jungen Kindern im Kontext von Militärdienst, einsatzbedingten Trennungen und Kriegstraumata stellt für viele Familien eine Herausforderung dar. Weibliches Personal im aktiven Dienst ist eines der am schnellsten wachsenden Segmente des Militärs. Jüngste politischen Veränderungen haben außerdem dazu geführt, dass Frauen vermehrt in Kampfpositionen eingesetzt werden. Noch ist wenig über Mütter im Militärdienst bekannt, aber einige Studien haben gezeigt, dass sie in höherem Maße als ihre männlichen Kollegen Symptome von Not, Depression und Angst während des Einsatzzyklus sowie fehlende Verbundenheitsgefühle zu ihren Familie während der Reintegration erleben. Außerdem zeigen sie eine höhere Rate an Traumatisierung im Kindesalter auf. Mütter im Militärdienst, die die kombinierten Stressoren von einsatzbedingter Trennung, Kampf‐Exposition und negativen Kindheitserfahrungen ‐ eine dreifache Bedrohung ‐ erleben, könnten einem ernsthaften Risiko von posttraumatischem Stress und depressiven Symptomen ausgesetzt sein, was die Qualität und die Art ihrer Erziehung und Eltern‐Kind‐Beziehungen negativ beeinflussen könnte. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt die Teilnahme einer jungen alleinstehenden Mutter im Militärdienst und ihrer Tochter im Vorschulalter an einem häuslichen Reintegrationsprogramm für Militärfamilien mit sehr jungen Kindern (0‐5 Jahre). Der Artikel veranschaulicht, wie diese beziehungsbasierte, reflektierende Erziehungsintervention wirksam dazu beigetragen hat, das Kompetenzgefühl der Mutter in ihrer Erziehung zu erhöhen und die Eltern‐Kind‐Beziehung zu stärken.
抄録
戦時派遣後の乳幼児の子育て:事例報告
兵役や、派遣による分離、戦争に関連したトラウマの文脈における乳幼児の子
育ては、多くの家族にとって非常に難しいものになりうる。女性の戦地要員は、
軍隊の最も速く成長している区分のひとつで、最近の方針転換で、はるかに高い
割合で女性が戦闘陣地での業務に従事することとなった。軍人母親についてはあ
まりよく知られていない一方、いくつかの研究は、彼らが現地派遣中に苦悩、抑
うつ、不安の深刻な症状、社会復帰中に家族からの断絶の感情、そして男性の同
僚よりも高い割合での小児期のトラウマの歴史を体験していることを示している。
派遣による分離、戦闘曝露、子ども時代の逆境的体験−3つの脅威−を体験した
軍人母親は恐らく、彼らの子育て、親子関係の質や特徴に否定的な影響を与えう
る、外傷後ストレスや抑うつ症状の深刻なリスク状態にあるのであろう。本事例
報告は、若いひとり親の軍人母親と彼女の幼児期の娘が、乳幼児(0歳から5歳)の
いる軍人家族のためにデザインされた再統合プログラムに参加したことについて
述べている。本論文は、いかに、この関係性をベースとした、子育てを内省する
介入が母親の子育てに関する能力を高め、親子関係を強化するのに効果的である
かを示している。
摘要
在服兵役、部署分离和有战争创伤的背景下养育非常年幼的儿童对许多家庭来说是一项挑战。女性现役人员是军队中增长最快的部分之一, 最近的政策变化导致女性在战斗岗位上服役的比例更高。虽然对军人母亲的了解不多, 但一些研究表明, 她们在部署周期中会出现明显的痛苦、抑郁和焦虑症状, 在重返社会时会感到与家庭脱节, 子女创伤史的发生率高于男性军人。经历过部署分离、战斗暴露和不良童年经历 (三重威胁) 等综合压力源的军人母亲, 可能面临严重的创伤后压力和抑郁症状的风险, 这可能会对养育、亲子关系的质量和性质产生负面影响。本病例报告描述了一位年轻的单身军人母亲和她的学龄前女儿参加的一项家庭为本的重返社会方案, 该方案是为有年幼儿童 (0‐5岁) 的军人家庭设计的。本文阐述了这种基于关系的反思性养育干预对提高母亲的养育能力和加强亲子关系的有效性。
ملخص
الرعاية الأمومية لصغار الآطفال في وقت نشر القوات أثناء الحرب: تقرير حالة
تمثل الرعاية الوالدية للأطفال الصغار جدا في سياق الخدمة العسكرية ونشر القوات والصدمات المتعلقة بالحرب تحديا لكثير من الأسر. وتمثل الموظفات العاملات في الخدمة الفعلية واحده من أسرع القطاعات نموا في الجيش ، وقد أدت التغييرات الاخيره في السياسة العامة إلى استمرار النساء في الخدمة في مواقع قتاليه بمعدلات اعلي بكثير. وفي حين لا يعرف الكثير عن الأمهات الأعضاء في الخدمة ، فقد أظهرت بعض الدراسات انها تعاني من اعراض كثيرة من الكرب والاكتئاب والقلق خلال دوره نشر القوات ، والشعور بالانفصال عن الاسره اثناء إعاده الإدماج ، وارتفاع معدلات الصدمات الطفولية عن نظرائهم الذكور. الأمهات الأعضاء في الخدمة الذين يعانون من هذه الضغوط المجتمعة من حيث انفصال القوات ، والتعرض للقتال ، وتجارب الطفولة السلبية‐مما يمثل تهديد ثلاثي‐قد يكونوا في خطر شديد من الإجهاد ما بعد الصدمة وأعراض الاكتئاب التي يمكن ان تؤثر سلبيا علي نوعيه وطبيعة الابوه والامومه والعلاقات بين الوالدين والطفل. ويصف هذا التقرير مشاركه أحد عضوات الخدمة من الأمهات وابنتها في سن ما قبل المدرسة في برنامج لأعاده الإدماج في المنزل مصمم للأسر العسكرية التي لديها أطفال صغار جدا (الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 0–5). وتوضح الدراسة كيف ان هذا التدخل القائم علي العلاقة للرعاية الوالدية التأملية كان فعالا في زيادة إحساس الأم بالكفاءة في الرعاية الوالديه وتعزيز العلاقة بين الوالدين والطفل.
A community-based intervention program was tested with 181 children ages 6-12 and their mothers exposed to intimate partner violence during the past year. A sequential assignment procedure allocated ...participants to 3 conditions: child-only intervention, child-plus-mother intervention (CM), and a wait-list comparison. A 2-level hierarchical linear model consisting of repeated observations within individuals and individuals assigned to conditions was used to evaluate the effects of time from baseline to postintervention comparing the 3 conditions and from postintervention to 8-month follow-up for both intervention conditions. Outcomes were individual children's externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and attitudes about violence. Of the 3 conditions, CM children showed the greatest improvement over time in externalizing problems and attitudes about violence. There were 79% fewer children with clinical range externalizing scores and 77% fewer children with clinical range internalizing scores from baseline to follow-up for CM children.
Contemporary service members and their partners have adapted their coparenting to respond to the specific transitions and disruptions associated with wartime deployment cycles and evolving child ...development. This qualitative study draws upon interviews with service member and home front parents of very young children to characterize their coparenting experiences throughout the deployment cycle. Parents described varied approaches as they considered their children’s developmental capacities, the fluidity of demands throughout deployment, and the service member’s well-being during reintegration. A common theme was the key role of home front parents in facilitating the service member–child relationship through communication and maintaining the presence of the deployed parent in the child’s everyday life. Reintegration challenges included redistribution of coparenting roles, the pacing of the service member into family roles, and concerns related to the returning parent’s distress. Study findings highlight areas of coparenting throughout the deployment cycle that can be supported though prevention and intervention efforts.
Few studies have examined the experiences and perceptions of servicewoman mothers and their children, even as an increasing number of them have experienced deployment and combat exposure. The present ...paper describes a qualitative study that explored National Guard/Reserve (NG/R) mothers' experiences with mothering and co‐parenting during reintegration and their perceived priorities, supports, challenges and needs. Interpretive phenomenological analysis of seven in‐depth qualitative interviews produced themes including reunion and loneliness, the importance of time, help seeking and gendered experiences. Notably, all participants transitioned immediately back into primary caregiver roles upon homecoming, and several described how difficult it was to readjust while privately dealing with unmet mental health needs. Findings underscore the importance of a flexible suite of service options that meet key needs, most importantly, child care, social–emotional support for children and peer‐based parenting support specific to servicewoman mothers. For NG/R mothers, who may live far from base, community‐based services are essential, but as participants described, civilian social workers and other professionals must develop specialized knowledge, skills and experience to provide appropriate support.
Characterization of large area APDs for the EXO-200 detector Neilson, R.; LePort, F.; Pocar, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/2009, Letnik:
608, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO)-200 uses 468 large area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) for detection of scintillation light in an ultra-low-background liquid xenon (LXe) detector. We describe ...initial measurements of dark noise, gain and response to xenon scintillation light of LAAPDs at temperatures from room temperature to 169
K—the temperature of liquid xenon. We also describe the individual characterization of more than 800 LAAPDs for selective installation in the EXO-200 detector.
The post-9/11 conflicts have taken a substantial toll on military families. Although positive effects of reintegration-focused programs are well-documented for service members, less is known about ...military spouses who are parents of young children. This article examines the outcomes of a formal reflective parenting program developed for military families who have very young children, and whether aspects of informal social support moderate spouse outcomes of anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. Data are drawn from a randomized, clinical trial (RCT) of 103 military families with children ages birth to 5 years of age. Structural equation models examined the main effects of the program and the relationship of 3 social support dimensions (perceived support, social connectedness and dyadic satisfaction) to program outcomes of interest. Analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in anxiety in the treatment group, with a small effect size. No significant program effects emerged on parenting stress or depression. None of the social support dimensions was significantly associated with outcomes of interest. The interaction of dyadic support and treatment showed a significant moderate effect on parenting stress. Spouses with lower baseline satisfaction who were assigned to the treatment condition reported similar levels of parenting stress at baseline and posttest, whereas their counterparts in the waitlist condition reported significantly higher parenting stress at posttest compared with baseline. Findings suggest a targeted approach to preventive intervention for military spouses who are mothers of young children.
Postpartum depression (PPD) is understudied in military populations. The present descriptive transversal study evaluated the incidence of PPD diagnoses in U.S. military electronic health records, ...based on
(ICD-9) and ICD-10 codes, among active duty military servicewomen between 2001 and 2018.
Data on 3,724 active duty military servicewomen who served between 2001 and 2018 were drawn from the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and stratified by race, age, marital status, service branch, and military pay grade. Single sample chi squares were used to examine observed versus expected differences in diagnosis rates.
The incidence rate of PPD among all U.S. military servicewomen was the lowest in 2001 (1.96 per 1,000) and the highest in 2018 (29.95 per 1,000). Servicewomen most often diagnosed with PPD were white (60%), married (74%), in the enlisted pay grades of E-1 to E-4 (60%), in the Army (43%), and were between 20 and 24 years old (46%). Statistically significant differences (
< 0.001) were found between observed and expected counts across all five demographic variables.
This is the first population-based study to assess the incidence rates of PPD among all active duty military servicewomen. Findings that some groups were over- and underdiagnosed within each demographic category, and that PPD incidence rates have increased between 2001 and 2018, underscore the importance of further research to inform policies and interventions supporting this vulnerable population.
Couples form the foundation of military families. However, on average, couples become significantly less satisfied with their relationships and marriages across the deployment cycle. Reduced ...satisfaction places partners at risk for psychological distress and family problems. The present study examines the effects of a family based reintegration program aimed at enhancing reflective functioning in recently deployed service members and their home-front partners on relationship satisfaction. Results reveal that most dyads report being satisfied in their relationship at baseline. However, greater couple distress was related to more psychological distress in both partners. For spouses, intervention had a positive, significant effect on relationship satisfaction. Variations in relative risk for couple distress among service members and their spouses highlight the need to assess both partners to clarify risk factors and modifiable targets of intervention.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Families form the backbone of the military; thus, to ensure mission readiness and comprehensive care of military personnel, we need to include military families in our scope of care. This study looks at how military couples report on their relationship satisfaction and examines the potential of a postdeployment, parenting intervention to improve relationship quality over time. It is important that policymakers continue to support interventions that improve the quality of military family relationships across the deployment cycle.
Tagging events with the coincident detection of a barium ion would greatly reduce the background for a neutrino-less double beta decay search in xenon. This paper describes progress towards realizing ...this goal. It outlines a source that can produce large quantities of Ba++ in gas, shows that this can be extracted to vacuum, and demonstrates a mechanism by which the Ba++ can be efficiently converted to Ba+ as required for laser identification.
Spouses of National Guard/Reserve (NG/R) military service members cope with deployment-related stressors (DRS) that may contribute to increased psychological distress. Research indicates that higher ...levels of social support are associated with reduced depression and anxiety in military spouses, but longitudinal relationships have not yet been examined bidirectionally. This study examines temporal relationships between 3 dimensions of social support (social connectedness, dyadic satisfaction, and perceived support), and psychological distress in a sample of NG/R spouses during the first year after a service member returns from deployment. Data from 103 military spouses were drawn from a larger intervention development study. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel analyses examined the stress-buffering and support erosion hypotheses over a 3-month period. DRS were measured by the cumulative number of deployments and duration of most recent deployment. Distress was assessed using latent variables of depression and anxiety. Statistically significant relationships emerged between initial levels of psychological distress and social connectedness at 3 months. Social support dimensions of dyadic satisfaction and perceived support did not predict subsequent levels of psychological distress. No significant relationships emerged between any dimension of social support at baseline and either form of psychological distress at 3 months. The support erosion hypothesis may more accurately describe the relationship between social support and psychological distress in this sample than the stress-buffering mechanism. During the first year of reintegration, social connectedness may be of particular relevance for NG/R spouses, as they may not have access to supports typically available to their active duty counterparts.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Reintegration can be a stressful time for military families. Social support is essential for maintaining good psychological and physical health, especially during times of stress. This study explores two causal models of the relationship between three unique dimensions of social support and psychological distress in National Guard/Reserve (NG/R) military spouses during reintegration. Findings indicate that the support erosion hypothesis, wherein higher levels of psychological distress predict subsequent reductions in social connectedness, best explains this relationship in military spouses during the first year of reintegration. Findings suggest the need for development of additional community-based supports for NG/R spouses, as they may not have access to supports typically available to their active duty counterparts.
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