MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to take part in different biological mechanisms, including biotic as well as abiotic cellular stresses. The present investigation was aimed to identify comparative ...expression profile of differentially expressed miRNAs among Sahiwal (
Bos indicus
) and Frieswal (
Bos indicus
×
Bos taurus
) cattle breeds during summer stress. Stress responses in animals were characterized by recording various physiological parameters, biochemical assays and expression profiling of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) during elevated environmental temperature. Ion Torrent-based deep sequencing as well as CLC-genomic analysis identified 322 and 420
Bos taurus
annotated miRNAs among Sahiwal and Frieswal, respectively. A total 69 common miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed during summer among the breeds. Out of the 69, a total 14 differentially expressed miRNAs viz. bta-mir 6536-2, bta-mir-2898, bta-mir-let-7b, bta-mir-425, bta-mir-2332, bta-mir-2478, bta-mir-150, bta-mir142, bta-mir-16a, bta-mir-2311, bta-mir-1839, bta-mir-1248-1, bta-mir-103-2 and bta-mir-181b were randomly selected for qRT-PCR-based validation. bta-mir-2898, bta-mir-6536-1, bta-mir-let-7b, bta-mir-2478, bta-mir-150, bta-mir-16a, bta-mir-2311, bta-mir-1032-b and bta-mir-181-b were significantly (
p
< 0.01) upregulated during summer among Frieswal in comparison to Sahiwal while, bta-mir 6536-2, bta-mir-2332, bta-mir142, bta-mir-1839 and bta-mir-1248-1 was significantly (
p
< 0.01) expressed at higher level in Sahiwal in contrast to Frieswal correlation coefficient analysis revealed that bta-mir(s)-150, 16a and 181b are negatively correlated (
p
< 0.05) with Hsp70 expression. Thus, this study identified that miRNA expression during summer stress can vary between the breeds which may reflect their differential post-transcriptional regulation.
A photoperiod is the time duration when animals are exposed to light in an entire day. An exposure of 16 hours or more is considered a long-day photoperiod and 8 hours of light is a short-day ...photoperiod. Exposure to light prevents the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland. Melatonin can influence the release of several hormones, including prolactin, cortisol, kisspeptin, GnRH and others. Eventually, it can also affect the reproductive performance of the animal. Though cattle are not a seasonal breeder, photoperiod has an indirect role in the onset of puberty, pregnancy and parturition. It can also promote the growth rate of the heifers and enhance their reproductive capabilities, which are very much desired by the producers. Therefore, photoperiod can be used as an effective and non-invasive tool in the reproductive management of cattle.
Huge productivity loss due to infectious diseases in chickens is a major problem and, hence, robust development of the poultry industry requires control of poultry health. Immunization using vaccines ...is routine practice; however, to combat infectious diseases, conventional vaccines as well as new-generation recombinant vaccines alone, due to relatively weak immunogenicity, may not be effective enough to provide optimum immunity. With this in mind, there is a need to incorporate better and more suitable adjuvants in the vaccines to elicit the elevated immune response in the host. Over last few decades, with the increase in the knowledge of innate immune functioning, efforts have been made to enhance vaccine potency using novel adjuvants like Toll-like receptor based adjuvant systems. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of toll-like receptor ligands as an adjuvant in vaccines against the infectious diseases of chickens.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and African swine fever (ASF) are economically important diseases of pigs throughout the world. During an outbreak, all age groups of animals ...except piglets < 1 month of age were affected with symptoms of high fever, cutaneous hemorrhages, vomition with blood, diarrhea, poor appetite, ataxia, and death. The outbreak was confirmed by the detection of the N gene of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and the VP72 gene of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by PCR in representative blood samples from affected pigs followed by Sanger sequencing. Mixed infection was also confirmed by simultaneous detection of both the viruses using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of both the viruses revealed that the outbreak was related to ASFV and PRRSV strains from China which were also closely related to the PRRSV and ASFV strains from the recent outbreak from India. The study confirmed the involvement of genotype II of ASFV and genotype 2 of PRRSV in the present outbreak. Interestingly, PRRSV associated with the present outbreak was characterized as a highly pathogenic PRRSV. Therefore, the present study indicates the possibility of future waves or further outbreaks of these diseases (PRRS and ASF) in this region. This is the first report of ASFV and PRRSV co-infection in pigs from India.
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes ...(a–i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
Mastitis (inflammation of mammary gland) is a most devastating disease condition in terms of economic losses occurring throughout the world. The etiological agents may vary from place to place ...depending on climate; animal species and animal husbandry and include wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria; and fungi. They may be either contagious viz. Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae or environmental viz. S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis, Corynebacterium bovis and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Conventional diagnostic tests viz. California Mastitis Test (CMT); R-mastitest and Mast-O-test methods are applied under field conditions; whereas somatic cell count and Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) are useful for early mastitis detection and detection of sub clinical or chronic mastitis respectively. In vitro culture based diagnosis require further study as they can detect only viable cells. The advent of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology along with its various versions like multiplex and real time PCR has improved the rapidity and sensitivity of diagnosis. Circulating micro RNA (miRNA) based diagnosis; immune assay and proteomics based detection along with biochips and biosensors prove to be asset to diagnosticians for advanced diagnosis of this economically important condition. Improvement of milking hygiene; implementation of post-milking teat disinfection; regular control of the milking equipments; implementation of milking order; Improvement of bedding material are the general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis. The use of antibiotics (intramammary infusions; bacteriocins) and herbs (Terminalia spp.) are important for prophylaxis and therapeutics. Vaccines viz. cell based; Recombinant (staphylococcal enterotoxin type C mutant) or chimeric (pauA); live (S. uberis 0140J stain based) and bacterial surface extract based; DNA-based and DNA-protein based have greatly aided in management of bovine mastitis. Quorum sensing and disease resistant breeding using novel biomarkers viz. toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, interleukin (IL) 8; breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and calcium channel voltage-dependent alpha 2/delta sub unit 1 (CACNA2D1) are also indispensable. This mini review gives an overview of all these different aspects that act as trend setters as far as the diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis is concerned to help the diagnosticians; epidemiologists and researchers not to remain ignorant about this grave condition.
Untranslated regions (UTRs) of the transcripts play significant roles in translation regulation and continue to raise many intriguing questions in our understanding of cellular stress physiology. ...Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mediated alternative translation initiations are emerging as unique mechanisms. Present study is aimed to indentify a functional short 92 base pair length putative sequence located at the 5′ untranslated region of bovine heat shock protein 90 AA1 (Hsp90AA1) may interact with ribosomal as well as eukaryotic initiation factor binding site. Here we have predicted both the two and three dimensional structures of bovine Hsp90AA1 IRES (MF400854) element with their respective free energy. Molecular interactions between bovine RPS5 and IRES have been determined after the preparation of docking complex of IRES bound RPS5. Structure of bovine ribosomal translational initiation factor (TIF) has also been determined and docked with IRES. Molecular interaction between bovine TIF and IRES was analyzed from the complex structure. We further detected the relative expression efficiency of the viral (original) in relation with Hsp90AA1 IRES-driven GFP expression, which revealed that efficiency under the control of identified bovine Hsp90AA1 IRES was slightly lower than viral origin. It was also noted that identified bovine HSP90 IRES may increase the expression level of GFP under in vitro heat stressed condition.
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are known to play major role in protection of cells from thermal stress. Nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter of Hsp affect degree of expression and inducibility of ...Hsp mRNA. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphism within promoter region on the cellular expression of Hsp70.1 mRNA and association of identified polymorphisms with the physiological parameters during summer stress and milk production traits in dairy cattle. Two hundred Frieswal cows were genotyped using double PCR-RFLP to identify deletion of cytosine within the Hsp70.1 promoter AP2 box at base position 895. Homozygous wild type genotypes (CC) were found in lower frequency (39.29, n=78) than heterozygous cytosine deletion mutant genotypes (C−) (60.71, n=122). In the observed physiological parameters (rectal temperature, respiration rate and heat tolerance coefficient), cows that were homozygous wild types had better significant (P<0.05) summer tolerance than the heterozygous deletion genotypes. Cytosine deletion mutation in the promoter region negatively affected (P<0.01) the expression of Hsp70.1 mRNA in peripheral bovine mononuclear cells (PBMC) subjected to in vitro heat stress. Further association of observed polymorphism with the milk production traits was significant as the heterozygous cytosine deletion cows had lower total milk yield, peak yield, yield at 300days, protein% (P<0.01) and fat% (P<0.05) than the native wild type promoter cows. The results from the present study suggest that the promoter region of bovine hsp70.1 gene is polymorphic and may be useful in selection of dairy cows for relatively better thermotolerance and higher milk production.
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