Investigation of the role of the prosystemin pathway in constitutive and induced volatile emissions in tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum). Herbivore wounding and jasmonic acid application, combined with ...the use of transgenic and mutant plants targeting the prosystemin pathway, suggest a functional prosystemin gene is required for systemic induction of herbivore-induced volatiles.
Transgenic tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum) plants that overexpress the
Prosystemin gene (
35S::PS) and plants with a mutation in the JA biosynthetic pathway (
def1) are known to exhibit a constitutive or reduced wound response, respectively. Here it is demonstrated that several independent
35S::PS lines emit high levels of specific volatiles in addition to increased accumulation of proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Furthermore, the temporal dynamics of systemically induced volatile compounds including green-leaf volatiles, terpenes, and shikimic acid-derivatives from
35S::PS and
def1 plants in response to herbivore wounding and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) are described. Application of JA induced defense protein accumulation and volatile emissions in wild type plants, but did not further increase systemic volatile emissions from
35S::PS plants. Wounding by
Manduca sexta larvae induced synthesis of defense proteins and emission of volatiles in wild type plants, but not in
def1 plants. Application of jasmonic acid restored the local and systemic accumulation of defense proteins in
def1, as well as enhanced herbivore-induced volatile emissions. These results provide strong support for the role of prosystemin- and JA-signaling in the regulation of volatile emissions in tomato plants.
In recent years, the price increase of 3 He has triggered the search for alternative neutron detectors. One of the viable options is a scintillation-based neutron detector. Usually, photomultiplier ...tubes (PMTs) are used in these detectors for photodetection. However, the increase in performance requirements such as the operability in magnetic field and spatial resolution necessitates an advanced neutron detector. Therefore, we developed a detector prototype with an active area of 13 cm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times\,13 </tex-math></inline-formula> cm using silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). As compared to PMTs, SiPMs offer more compactness, more robustness, and a lower sensitivity to magnetic field. The final detector is aimed to be used in the future at the TREFF instrument of the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching, Germany, for neutron reflectometry (NR). First measurements were carried out at TREFF and at the dedicated detector test instrument V17 at BER-II of HZB in Berlin, Germany. In this study, we report the results for detection efficiency, gamma discrimination, 2-D position resolution, count rate, and detection linearity.
We developed a fully digital implementation of the Silicon Photomultiplier. The sensor is based on a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) integrated in a standard CMOS process. Photons are ...detected directly by sensing the voltage at the SPAD anode using a dedicated cell electronics block next to each diode. This block also contains active quenching and recharge circuits as well as a one bit memory for the selective inhibit of detector cells. A balanced trigger network is used to propagate the trigger signal from all cells to the integrated time-to-digital converter (TDC). Photons are detected and counted as digital signals, thus making the sensor less susceptible to temperature variations and electronic noise. The integration with CMOS logic has the added benefit of low power consumption and possible integration of data post-processing. In this paper, we discuss the sensor architecture and present first measurements of the technology demonstrator test chip.
•Detection of volatiles was investigated as a novel pest detection method.•A device was developed to sample volatiles from pests or pest-damaged products.•The device successfully sampled volatiles of ...pest and plant volatiles.•The device successfully responded to volatiles of pests and plants.•Results indicated the potential of developing an electronic nose to detect pests.
Agricultural pests are responsible for millions of dollars of crop losses and control costs every year. To reduce these losses and minimize control costs, new methods to detect pests and/or pest damage must be investigated in order to optimize control measures. One such method evaluated in this study was to detect the chemicals released by pests or pest-damaged products. A portable device was developed to draw volatiles from pests or pest-damaged products over carbon black–polymer composite sensors and measure the change in resistance for each sensor. The device successfully sampled pest and plant volatiles and these volatiles were detected using carbon black–polymer composite sensors. These results indicated an electronic nose is a feasible approach to detect pests and/or pest damage.
We demonstrate how to realize an optical clock with neutral atoms that is competitive to the currently best single ion optical clocks in accuracy and superior in stability. Using ultracold atoms in a ...Ca optical frequency standard, we show how to reduce the relative uncertainty to below 10(-15). We observed atom interferences for stabilization of the laser to the clock transition with a visibility of 0.36, which is 70% of the ultimate limit achievable with atoms at rest. A novel scheme was applied to detect these atom interferences with the prospect to reach the quantum projection noise limit at an exceptional low instability of 4 x 10(-17) in 1 s.
The persistence in rats of sulfur mustard adducts to albumin and hemoglobin was studied in vivo after exposure (intravenously; 0.3 mg/kg; approximately 0.1 LD50) of rats to sulfur mustard. The ...albumin adduct (S-HETE)Cys-Pro-Tyr was detectable up to 7 days after the exposure, while the adduct to the N-terminal valine in hemoglobin was still detected after 28 days. The decrease in adduct levels corresponded well with the half-life time of albumin in rats and with the lifetime of the rat erythrocyte. Remarkably, the N-terminal valine adduct to hemoglobin increased during the first three days, which implies that there is still free sulfur mustard present during that time. In contrast, the corresponding albumin adduct levels did not increase during this time period. The free sulfur mustard might have accumulated in the erythrocyte cell membrane.
A scalable eight channel DAC designed in a TSMC 65-nm CMOS technology for generation of solid-state quantum bit (qubit) bias voltages is presented. Measurement results of the DAC and some additional ...auxiliary components like an on-chip amplifier and sigma-delta modulator at 6 K are discussed. With a low-power consumption of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">2.7~\mu \text{W} </tex-math></inline-formula> per channel, the DAC fulfills the requirements to be placed next to qubits inside a mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator, showing a promising way for scaling qubit numbers toward a quantum computer.
The energy consumed by electron devices such as field-effect-transistors (FET) in an integrated circuit is mostly used to process different electrical signals. However, a fraction of that energy is ...also converted into heat that gets transferred throughout the integrated circuit and modifies the local temperature. The modification of the local temperature, which is interpreted as a self-heating mechanism, is a function of different charge carrier scattering mechanisms, the characteristic energy relaxation times for charge carriers, the heat carrier mechanisms, the geometry of the FET, the volume of the integrated circuit, and the composed thermal properties of the integrated circuit and the system package. Besides all those dependencies, the charge and heat transport properties are temperature dependent. All these features make the electrothermodynamic analysis and modeling of low-power cryogenic electron devices a compulsory need. In this work, we introduce an analysis based on experimental results obtained from characterizing FET test structures in the temperature range between 300 K and down to 3.1 K.
An improved method is presented for the trace analysis of sulfur mustard (HD) in biological samples, such as blood and tissue from laboratory animals. Using the internal standard method and ...liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, up to 400
μL of the extract was injected by thermal desorption from Tenax and analyzed by two-dimensional GC–MS/EI in SIM mode. The analysis was compared with a direct GC injection. Reversed thermal desorption was used as a tool for handling heavily contaminated (fat) samples, thus preventing contamination of the injection system and pre-column. A successful analytical configuration has been set up for the bioanalysis of HD at the low, toxicologically relevant pM level. A detection limit of 10
pg
mL
−1 blood or pg
g
−1 tissue of sulfur mustard (S/N
=
3) was established by using this configuration.
AimsTo assess the feasibility and efficacy of interatrial shunt devices (IASD) for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF).
Methods and resultsMEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of ...Controlled Trials from inception until April 2021 were searched for prospective studies investigating dedicated transcatheter IASD for the treatment of CHF. Standardised mean differences were calculated for the within‐group changes before and after implantation of the IASD. The pre‐defined primary outcome was change in 6‐min walking distance (6MWD) from baseline to 12 months. Other outcomes were change in New York Heart Association class, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), echocardiographic and haemodynamic data, device performance and safety. Subgroup analyses were crude univariable meta‐regression analyses. Six studies (five single‐arm open‐label studies, one sham‐controlled trial) were included. In these, 226 patients underwent IASD implantation using four different devices. From baseline to 12 months, 6MWD increased by 28.1 m 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.9–45.3 with no evidence for a difference between devices (P for interaction = 0.66) and patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40% or ≤40% (P for interaction = 0.21). At 12 months, HRQoL improved by 17.7 points (95% CI 10.8–24.6) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) decreased by 2.0 mmHg (95% CI −3.6 to −0.4). There were no changes in LVEF or N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide during follow‐up. Shunt patency ranged from 50% for the first‐generation v‐Wave to 100% for the Corvia IASD II and the second‐generation v‐Wave system, respectively. The summary risk of serious adverse device‐related effects was 8% (95% CI 1–20) at 12 months.
ConclusionsInteratrial shunt device implantation in CHF is feasible and associates with improved submaximal exercise capacity (measured by 6MWD) and HRQoL, and reductions in PCWP.
PDF
