Cette étude a concerné la culture sur pailles de riz et sciure de bois de Gilbertiodendron dewevrei de Pleurotus tuber-regium, espèce fongique tropicale appréciée pour sa saveur et ses propriétés ...médicinales. Les blancs ont été obtenus localement par isolement de spores de spécimens récoltés dans leur environnement naturel aux environs de Kisangani (RD Congo). La formation de sporophores est conditionnée à celle de sclérotes 14 jours au préalable. Trois poussées ont été enregistrées avec un rendement total de 42,25 % qui peut être considéré comme très satisfaisant et de loin supérieur au rendement économique de 20 % généralement reconnu pour qu’un substrat soit jugé approprié à la production de champignons.
This study concerned the cultivation on rice straw and Gilbertiodendron dewevrei sawdust of Pleurotus tuber-regium, a tropical fungal species appreciated for its flavour and its medicinal properties. The spawns were obtained locally by isolating spores from specimens collected in their natural environment around Kisangani (DR Congo). The formation of sporophores is conditional to the formation of sclerotia 14 days beforehand. Three outbreaks were recorded with a total yield of 42.25 %, which can be considered very satisfactory and far above the generally accepted economic yield of 20 % for a substrate to be considered suitable for mushroom production.
Wild mushrooms constitute an important non-timber forest product that provides diverse substances and services, especially food and income for local communities from many parts of the world. This ...study presents original ethnomycological documentation from the dense rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ethnomycological surveys were made within local communities near the biosphere reserve of Yangambi and the Yoko forest reserve. The interviews involved 160 informants from six different ethnic communities (Bakumu, Turumbu, Topoke, Lokele, Ngelema, and Ngando). Specific reported use (RU), the relative importance (RI), and the cultural significance (CS) of wild edible fungi were calculated using quantitative data from enquiries.
The people from Tshopo use 73 species of wild mushrooms either for food (68 species), as medicine (9 species), in a recreational context (2 species), or related to myths and beliefs (7 species). Women are more involved in harvesting and are the main holders of cultural aspects related to fungi. The results show that knowledge of useful mushrooms differs between ethnic groups. The Ngando people have the highest ethnomycological expertise, which is expressed in their extensive cultural and practical use of fungi. Pleurotus tuber-regium is the most important species (MCSI = 1.9 and p value < 2.2e
) as it is being used for food, as a medicine, and more. Daldinia eschscholtzii is the most important (MUI = 0.86 and p value < 2.2e
) for medicinal applications, while Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia cornea, A. delicata, Marasmius buzungolo, and Lentinus squarrosulus are mostly appreciated for food. The latter five species are all wood-decaying saprotrophs.
Despite the presence of edible ectomycorrhizal taxa in the dense rainforests of Tshopo, local people only seem to have an interest in saprotrophic taxa. Some mushroom pickers deliberately cut down host trees to promote the development of saprotrophic taxa. Inducing forest degradation is considered beneficial as it promotes the development of saprotrophic taxa. The domestication of locally appreciated saprotrophic lignicolous fungi is proposed as a mitigating measure against fellings.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are highly diversified and dominant in a number of forest ecosystems. Nevertheless, their scales of spatial distribution and the underlying ecological processes remain ...poorly understood. Although most EMF are considered to be generalists regarding host identity, a preference toward functional strategies of host trees has never been tested. Here, the EMF community was characterised by DNA sequencing in a 10-ha tropical dry season forest—referred to as miombo—an understudied ecosystem from a mycorrhizal perspective. We used 36 soil parameters and 21 host functional traits (FTs) as candidate explanatory variables in spatial constrained ordinations for explaining the EMF community assemblage. Results highlighted that the community variability was explained by host FTs related to the ‘leaf economics spectrum’ (adjusted R2
= 11%; SLA, leaf area, foliar Mg content), and by soil parameters (adjusted R2
= 17%), notably total forms of micronutrients or correlated available elements (Al, N, K, P). Both FTs and soil generated patterns in the community at scales ranging from 75 to 375 m. Our results indicate that soil is more important than previously thought for EMF in miombo woodlands, and show that FTs of host species can be better predictors of symbiont distribution than taxonomical identity.
Functional traits of host tree species and chemical soil parameters shape the spatial distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community of a miombo forest.
The settling velocity of diaspores is a key parameter for the measurement of dispersal ability in wind-dispersed plants and one of the most relevant parameters in explicit dispersal models, but ...remains largely undocumented in bryophytes. The settling velocities of moss spores were measured and it was determined whether settling velocities can be derived from spore diameter using Stokes' Law or if specific traits of spore ornamentation cause departures from theoretical expectations.
A fall tower design combined with a high-speed camera was used to document spore settling velocities in nine moss species selected to cover the range of spore diameters within the group. Linear mixed effect models were employed to determine whether settling velocity can be predicted from spore diameter, taking specific variation in shape and surface roughness into account.
Average settling velocity of moss spores ranged from 0·49 to 8·52 cm s(-1) There was a significant positive relationship between spore settling velocity and size, but the inclusion of variables of shape and texture of spores in the best-fit models provides evidence for their role in shaping spore settling velocities.
Settling velocities in mosses can significantly depart from expectations derived from Stokes' Law. We suggest that variation in spore shape and ornamentation affects the balance between density and drag, and results in different dispersal capacities, which may be correlated with different life-history traits or ecological requirements. Further studies on spore ultrastructure would be necessary to determine the role of complex spore ornamentation patterns in the drag-to-mass ratio and ultimately identify what is the still poorly understood function of the striking and highly variable ornamentation patterns of the perine layer on moss spores.
Two new species of Amanitasect.Phalloideae are described from tropical Africa (incl. Madagascar) based on both morphological and molecular (DNA sequence) data.
Amanitabweyeyensis
sp. nov.
was ...collected, associated with
Eucalyptus
, in Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. It is consumed by local people and chemical analyses showed the absence of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the basidiomata. Surprisingly, molecular analysis performed on the same specimens nevertheless demonstrated the presence of the gene sequence encoding for the phallotoxin phallacidin (PHA gene, member of the MSDIN family). The second species,
Amanitaharkoneniana
sp. nov.
was collected in Tanzania and Madagascar. It is also characterised by a complete PHA gene sequence and is suspected to be deadly poisonous. Both species clustered together in a well-supported terminal clade in multilocus phylogenetic inferences (including nuclear ribosomal partial LSU and ITS-5.8S, partial
tef1
-α,
rpb2
and β-tubulin genes), considered either individually or concatenated. This, along with the occurrence of other species in sub-Saharan Africa and their phylogenetic relationships, are briefly discussed. Macro- and microscopic descriptions, as well as pictures and line drawings, are presented for both species. An identification key to the African and Madagascan species of Amanitasect.Phalloideae is provided. The differences between the two new species and the closest
Phalloideae
species are discussed.
To meet the need for wood in the African savanna zone, forest plantations have been established since the 1930s. Exotic tree species of the genera Pinus and Eucalyptus are the major groups planted in ...the Western Highlands of Cameroon where they form artificial forests whose mycoflora is not yet documented. This study aimed at comparing the macro-fungi diversity in mature eucalyptus and pine plantations in tropical savannas, particularly in the Melap Forest Reserve. Four permanent plots of 1000 m2 were installed in each plant community, sporophores were collected and identified from April to June 2016; species richness and generic diversity were calculated. A total of 125 species were inventoried. Taxonomic diversity was significantly higher in Eucalyptus communities than in Pinus communities, with 107 and 33 species respectively. The number of ectomycorrhizal species was higher in the eucalyptus plots where a few locally consumed species were found. The mycofloral abundance in Eucalyptus communities is explained by the presence of local tree species hosting ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Uapaca guineensis.
Pulveroboletus fragrans
, a new bolete species with a strong aromatic odor, was found in forests dominated by
Castanopsis
and
Lithocarpus
(Fagaceae) in Northern Thailand. The species is introduced ...with macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and illustrations, as well as a three-gene phylogenetic analysis that confirms its position within the
Pulveroboletus
clade of Boletaceae.
Pulveroboletus fragrans
can be easily distinguished from all other
Pulveroboletus
species by its strong aromatic odor, the violaceous to purple color of the uppermost part of the stipe, and viscid general veil covering the pileus and stipe. The nature of the general veil is discussed.
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