Tumor cells exhibit unique metabolic adaptations that are increasingly viewed as potential targets for novel and specific cancer therapies. Among these targets, the carnitine palmitoyltransferase ...system is responsible for delivering the long-chain fatty acid (FA) from cytoplasm into mitochondria for oxidation, where carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). With increasing understanding of the crucial role had by fatty acid oxidation in cancer, CPTI has received renewed attention as a pivotal mediator in cancer metabolic mechanism. CPTI activates FAO and fuels cancer growth via ATP and NADPH production, constituting an essential part of cancer metabolism adaptation. Moreover, CPTI also functionally intertwines with other key pathways and factors to regulate gene expression and apoptosis of cancer cell. Here, we summarize recent findings and update the current understanding of FAO and CPTI in cancer and provide theoretical basis for this enzyme as an emerging potential molecular target in cancer therapeutic intervention.
Summary
In this study, label-free-based quantitative subcellular proteomics integrated with network analysis highlighted several candidate genes including P4HB, ITGB1, CD36, and ACTN1 that may be ...involved in osteoporosis. All of them are predicted as significant membrane proteins with high confidence and enriched in bone-related biological process. The results were further verified in transcriptomic and genomic levels.
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease mainly characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). As the precursors of osteoclasts, peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) are supported to be important candidates for identifying genes related to osteoporosis. We performed subcellular proteomics study to identify significant membrane proteins that involved in osteoporosis.
Methods
To investigate the association between monocytes, membrane proteins, and osteoporosis, we performed label-free quantitative subcellular proteomics in 59 male subjects with discordant BMD levels, with 30 high vs. 29 low BMD subjects. Subsequently, we performed integrated gene enrichment analysis, functional annotation, and pathway and network analysis based on multiple bioinformatics tools.
Results
A total of 1070 membrane proteins were identified and quantified. By comparing the proteins’ expression level, we found 36 proteins that were differentially expressed between high and low BMD groups. Protein localization prediction supported the notion that the differentially expressed proteins, P4HB (
p
= 0.0021), CD36 (
p
= 0.0104), ACTN1 (
p
= 0.0381), and ITGB1 (
p
= 0.0385), are significant membrane proteins. Functional annotation and pathway and network analysis highlighted that P4HB, ITGB1, CD36, and ACTN1 are enriched in osteoporosis-related pathways and terms including “ECM-receptor interaction,” “calcium ion binding,” “leukocyte transendothelial migration,” and “reduction of cytosolic calcium levels.” Results from transcriptomic and genomic levels provided additional supporting evidences.
Conclusion
Our study strongly supports the significance of the genes P4HB, ITGB1, CD36, and ACTN1 to the etiology of osteoporosis risk.
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are key enzymes functioning as the first line of antioxidant defense by virtue of the ability to convert highly reactive superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and ...molecular oxygen. SOD plays a central role in protecting plants against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species generated during normal cellular metabolic activity or as a result of various environmental stresses. Our review focuses on the characteristics of expression of
SOD
genes, the mechanisms regulating expression of
SOD
genes at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translation levels, and their functional role(s) during development and in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. We propose two important research directions: studying SOD at the genome-wide or proteome-wide level, and improving plant stress tolerances by selecting varieties using transgenic technology.
Carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by isostatic pressing followed hot extrusion techniques. Differential scanning calorimetric, X-ray diffraction, field emission ...scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy has been carried out to examine the reaction condition of nanotubes and aluminum, and to analyze the composites structure. The effects of nanotubes content on mechanical properties of composites were investigated. Experimental results showed that nanotubes are homogeneously distributed in the composites. Some nanotubes act as bridges across cracks, others are pulled-out on fracture surfaces of composites. However, nanotubes react with aluminum and form Al
4C
3 phases when the temperature is above 656.3
°C. The nanotubes content affects significantly mechanical properties of composites. Meanwhile, the 1.0
wt.% nanotube/2024Al composite is found to exhibit the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus. The maximal increments of tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composite, compared with the 2024Al matrix, are 35.7% and 41.3%, respectively.
Summary
In male Caucasians with discordant hip bone mineral density (BMD), we applied the subcellular separation and proteome profiling to investigate the monocytic cytosol. Three BMD-associated ...proteins (ALDOA, MYH14, and Rap1B) were identified based on multiple omics evidence, and they may influence the pathogenic mechanisms of osteoporosis by regulating the activities of monocytes.
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a serious public health problem, leading to significant mortality not only in aging females but also in males. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) play important roles in bone metabolism by acting as precursors of osteoclasts and producing cytokines important for osteoclast development. The first cytosolic sub-proteome profiling analysis was performed in male PBMs to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that are associated with BMDs and risk of osteoporosis.
Methods
Here, we conducted a comparative proteomics analysis in PBMs from Caucasian male subjects with discordant hip BMD (29 low BMD vs. 30 high BMD). To decrease the proteome complexity and expand the coverage range of the cellular proteome, we separated the PBM proteome into several subcellular compartments and focused on the cytosolic fractions, which are involved in a wide range of fundamental biochemical processes.
Results
Of the total of 3796 detected cytosolic proteins, we identified 16 significant (
P
< 0.05) and an additional 22 suggestive (
P
< 0.1) DEPs between samples with low vs. high hip BMDs. Some of the genes for DEPs, including
ALDOA
,
MYH14
, and
Rap1B
, showed an association with BMD in multiple omics studies (proteomic, transcriptomic, and genomic). Further bioinformatics analysis revealed the enrichment of DEPs in functional terms for monocyte proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Conclusions
The combination strategy of subcellular separation and proteome profiling allows an in-depth and refined investigation into the composition and functions of cytosolic proteome, which may shed light on the monocyte-mediated pathogenic mechanisms of osteoporosis.
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► Cyanex272
+
PC-88A shows an evident synergistic effect for Co and Mn. ► The maximum synergistic coefficients,
R
max, are 3.48 for Co and 4.12 for Mn. ► Cyanex272
+
PC-88A
+
EDTA can ...realize separation of Co, Mn and Li from each other. ► Entire stripping of Co and Mn can be achieved by H
2SO
4
≥
0.01
M or HCl
≥
0.04
M. ► A feasible flowsheet for recovery of spent cathodic materials of LIBs was proposed.
Synergistic extraction and separation of cobalt (II), manganese (II) and lithium (I) from simulated sulfuric acid leaching of waste cathodic materials, using mixture of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex272, HA) and 2-ethylhexyl phosphinic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC-88A, HL) in n-heptane have been investigated. Extraction of Co
2+, Mn
2+ and Li
+ follows the order as: Mn
>
Co
≫
Li independent on taking the single Cyanex272 or PC-88A or their mixtures as extractants. The possible extracted species are MA
2·3HA or M(OH)A·3HA for single extractant (PC-88A and Cyanex272 are same) and MH
3A
2L
3 for the mixed-extractant (M
2+ is Co
2+ or Mn
2+). Cyanex272
+
PC-88A shows an evident synergistic effect. The maximum synergistic enhancement coefficients,
R
max, are obtained for Co
2+ (3.48) and Mn
2+ (4.12) at the mole fraction
X
Cyanex272 around 0.6 at pH
e 4.95. Furthermore, the separation factors (Mn/Co) have been improved around two orders of magnitude upon adding EDTA into the synergistic extraction system. The entire stripping of Co and Mn can be achieved in one single stage when the concentration of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is larger than 0.04
M or 0.01
M, respectively. Finally, a feasible process for recycling of spent cathodic materials of LIBs was proposed with industrial applications prospects.
Chemically protected sodium butyrate (CSB) is a new kind of sodium butyrate. Our previous study found that 1,000 mg/kg of CSB had the potential capacity of improving growth performance and promoting ...early development of small intestine in broilers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term antibiotics or CSB supplementation for intestinal microflora dynamical regulation in broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatment (8 replicates per treatment) and fed with a basal diet (CON), a diet supplemented with the antibiotics (enramycin, 8 mg/kg and aureomycin, 100 mg/kg) (ANT), or a diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg of CSB, respectively. Results showed that dietary supplementation of CSB or ANT treatment elevated the weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05), as compared with control (CON) group. Additionally, CON, CSB, or ANT administration dynamically altered the gut microbiota composition as time goes on. The increased presence of potential pathogens, such as Romboutsia and Shuttleworthia, and decreased beneficial bacteria such as Alistipes, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides were verified in new gut homeostasis reshaped by long-term antibiotics treatment, which has adverse effects on intestinal development and health of broilers. Conversely, CSB supplementation could dynamically enhance the relative abundance of Bacteroides, and decrease Romboutsia and Shuttleworthia in new microflora, which has positive effects on intestinal bacteria of broilers compared with CON group. Meanwhile, CSB supplementation was significantly increased the concentration of propionic acid and total short chain fatty acids (total SCFA; P < 0.05) in comparison with CON and ANT groups. Moreover, CSB treatment significantly increased anti-inflammatory and antioxidative capacities (P < 0.05) of broilers compared with ANT group. Taken together, we revealed characteristic structural changes of gut microbiota throughout long-term CSB or ANT supplementation in broilers, which provided a basic data for evaluating the mechanism of action affecting intestinal health by CSB or ANT administration and CSB as an alternative to antibiotics in the broilers industry.
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