Herein, an electroreductive carboxylation of organic carbon‐halogen bonds (X=Br and Cl) promoted by catalytic amounts of naphthalene as an organic mediator is reported. This transformation proceeds ...smoothly under mild conditions with a broad substrate scope of 59 examples, affording the valuable and versatile carboxylic acids in moderate to excellent yields without the need of costly transition metal, wasted stoichiometric metal reductants, or sacrificial anodes. Further late‐stage carboxylations of natural product and drug derivatives demonstrate its synthetic utility. Mechanistic studies confirmed the activation of carbon‐halogen bonds via single‐electron transfer and the key role of naphthalene in this reaction.
A general and metal‐free method for the electroreductive carboxylation of carbon‐halogen bonds has been developed to obtain carboxylated compounds in the presence of catalytic amounts of naphthalene as a mediator. This reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope, and is shown to be a powerful approach for the late‐stage carboxylation of natural product and drug derivatives.
In supply chain, when a visionary focal firm makes direct investment in his partners’ upfront cost of eco-efficient innovation, he would want more innovation efforts without sacrificing too many ...self-interests. To this end, we use a new biform-game model to develop an investment incentive mechanism for eco-efficient innovation in a supply chain consisting of two competing manufactures who are accountable for their respective eco-efficient innovations and a supplier who provides them with investments. Our proposed biform-game model can be regarded as a nested combination of noncooperative and cooperative games: In the noncooperative part, we construct a noncooperative game between the two manufacturers under their profit maximizing strategies, defining the competitive environment in the cooperative part. For three players in the cooperative part, we use Minimax and Maximin principles to construct their cooperative game of the investment cooperation strategy, which is proven to be convex. Subsequently, Shapley value is employed to derive the solution (profits) of the cooperative game, which is used to deduce the pay-off functions of the noncooperative part, thereby obtaining the optimal profit-maximizing strategies and investment cooperation strategies of the biform game. Next, we conduct analytical and numerical studies to verify the validity of our developed model by comparing with the model without applying the biform coordination mechanism.
•Propose a new biform-game model for eco-efficient innovation investment.•Our model integrates noncooperative and cooperative games.•Simultaneously solve noncooperative and cooperative strategies.•Our model is verified by comparison with the benchmark model.
Atroposelective electrophilic sulfenylation of N‐aryl aminoquinone derivatives has been achieved for the first time. This transformation is enabled by a new chiral 6,6′‐disubstituted SPINOL‐derived ...sulfide catalyst, which was first synthesized and then successfully explored for catalyzing enantioselective reactions. Various axially chiral sulfur‐containing diarylamine derivatives were readily obtained in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. A class of relatively flexible stereogenic C−N axes was easily constructed. The experimental results and a computational study suggested that an intramolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅S hydrogen bond is important for the stability of the C−N axis, which is consistent with our hypothesis. Density functional theory calculations revealed the origin of atroposelectivity and underscored the importance of catalyst rigidity in this sulfenylation reaction.
Atroposelective electrophilic sulfenylation of N‐aryl aminoquinone derivatives catalyzed by a new chiral SPINOL‐derived sulfide has been achieved. Axially chiral sulfur‐containing diarylamine derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. The intramolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅S hydrogen bond is a key parameter for the stability of the C−N axis. DFT calculations revealed the origin of atroposelectivity.
•A three-party sustainable supply chain with fairness concerns is investigated.•Game analyses are conducted to characterize interactions among different parties.•The interval-valued fairness concern ...parameter is embedded into the characteristic function.•A novel cooperative game-based coordination mechanism is used to allocate profit.•The coordination performance is examined by numerical study.
This paper investigates how retailers’ fairness concerns affect cooperative relationships in a three-party sustainable supply chain (TSSC) and how to coordinate such a supply chain when the degree of fairness concern is treated as an interval. Utilizing the Nash equilibrium strategy, this study seeks equilibrium solutions and profits under five non-cooperative and cooperative models and reveals that fairness concerns indeed affect members’ decisions and their cooperation for sustainable supply chain management. Furthermore, we develop a novel coordination method by incorporating the interval-valued least square pre-nucleolus (IVLSPN) approach and the three-party Nash bargaining game model to perfectly coordinate this TSSC.
A novel strategy for the asymmetric construction of functionalized 4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarins and 4-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones via an intramolecular vinylogous Rauhut–Currier reaction of ...para-quinone methides (p-QMs) under the bifunctional catalysis of chiral amine-phosphine is described. This intramolecular mode for the catalytic enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of p-QMs has been explored for the first time, delivering two types of synthetically important heterocycles in high yields and enantioselectivites.
Mitochondrial (mt) genomes of animals typically contain 37 genes for 13 proteins, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. In sarcoptiform mites, the entire set of mt tRNA ...genes is present in Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Caloglyphus berlesei, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Histiostoma blomquisti and Psoroptes cuniculi. Loss of 16 mt tRNA genes, however, was reported in Steganacarus magnus; loss of 2-3 tRNA genes was reported in Tyrophagus longior, T. putrescentiae and Sarcoptes scabiei. Nevertheless, convincing evidence for mt gene loss is lacking in these mites.
We sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two sarcoptiform mites, Histiostoma feroniarum (13,896 bp) and Rhizoglyphus robini (14,244 bp). Using tRNAScan and ARWEN programs, we identified 16 and 17 tRNA genes in the mt genomes of H. feroniarum and R. robini, respectively. The other six mt tRNA genes in H. feroniarum and five mt tRNA genes in R. robini can only be identified manually by sequence comparison when alternative anticodons are considered. We applied this manual approach to other mites that were reported previously to have lost mt tRNA genes. We were able to identify all of the 16 mt tRNA genes that were reported as lost in St. magnus, two of the three mt tRNA genes that were reported as lost in T. longior and T. putrescentiae, and the two mt tRNA genes that were reported as lost in Sa. scabiei. All of the tRNA genes inferred from these manually identified genes have truncation in the arms and mismatches in the stems.
Our results reveal very unconventional tRNA structures in sarcoptiform mites and do not support the loss of mt tRNA genes in these mites. The functional implication of the drastic structural changes in these tRNA genes remains to be investigated.
•This paper considers fairness in coordinating a closed-loop supply chain.•Based on the classic Shapley value, we propose an weighted coordination approach.•Consider a supply chain consisting a ...manufacturer, a retailer and a remanufacturer.•Given fairness concerns, we focus on how to allocate the centralized-setting profit.•We prove that our model conditionally outperforms the classic Shapley value.
This paper considers a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) structure in which a manufacturer allows a retailer and a third-party remanufacturer to sell and remanufacture his products, respectively. Given the retailer’s distributional fairness concerns, we investigate the optimal/equilibrium decisions and profits under five non-cooperative and cooperative game models, and focus on how to allocate maximum profit in a centralized setting. Based on the classic Shapley value, we propose an innovative weighted allocation approach-namely, the variable-weighted Shapley value-to coordinate this CLSC. Numerical studies demonstrate that when remanufactured products are lowly accepted by consumers, our model outperforms the classic Shapley value.
Discontinuities, such as joints and beddings, usually play a significant role in the seismic response and corresponding failure process of slopes, especially for anti-dip rock slide according to ...field observations. Shaking table tests associated with numerical analyses are carried out in this paper to explore the effect of seismic wave on response of jointed anti-dip rock slopes. Shaking table tests involve anti-dip rock slope models with different rock types and different excitation intensities. Ten accelerometers are installed inside each slope model to monitor the dynamic response and spectrum shifting characteristics. It is found that the area of failure zone in the soft rock anti-dip slope is approximate 1.5 times the size of that in the hard rock anti-dip slope. Meanwhile, the width and ridge number of the fast Fourier-transformation spectrum along the slope surface can reveal the internal damage features within the anti-dip rock slopes, and the multiple failure planes can also be recognized according to the variation of distance between the innermost and outermost ridges in the fast Fourier-transformation spectrum. Moreover, the distinct element method incorporating a damage model is used to interpret the test results and to identify the main influencing factors for seismic instability. It is found that the failure pattern of a jointed anti-dip rock slope is more sensitive to bedding inclination than to joint inclination.
An efficient catalytic asymmetric electrophilic sulfenylation reaction for the synthesis of planar‐chiral sulfur‐containing cyclophanes has been developed for the first time. This was achieved by ...using a new Lewis base catalyst and a new ortho‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted sulfenylating reagent. Using the substrates with low rotational energy barrier, the transformation proceeded through a dynamic kinetic resolution, and the high rotational energy barrier of the substrates allowed the reaction to undergo a kinetic resolution process. Meanwhile, this transformation was compatible with a desymmetrization process when the symmetric substrates were used. Various planar‐chiral sulfur‐containing cyclophanes were readily obtained in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97 % yield and 95 % ee). This approach was used to synthesize pharmaceutically relevant planar‐chiral sulfur‐containing molecules. Density functional theory calculations showed that π‐π interactions between the sulfenyl group and the aromatic ring in the substrate play a crucial role in enantioinduction in this sulfenylation reaction.
We have successfully developed an efficient method for the synthesis of planar‐chiral sulfur‐containing cyclophanes through the catalytic asymmetric electrophilic sulfenylation reaction for the first time. Density functional theory (DFT) revealed the origin of enantioselectivity in this sulfenylation reaction.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality globally. It causes a huge burden on families and caregivers and high costs for medicine ...and surgical interventions. Given expensive surgeries and failures of most conventional treatments, medical community tries to find a more cost-effective cure. Thus, attentions have been primarily focused on food or herbs. Quercetin (Qu) extracted from food, a flavonoid component, develops potentials of alternative or complementary medicine in atherosclerosis. Due to the wide range of health benefits, researchers have considered to apply Qu as a natural compound in therapy. This review is aimed to identify the antiatherosclerosis functions of Qu in treating ASCVD such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties, effects on endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and blood lipid-lowering.
PDF
