This paper is a continuation and an extension of our recent work (
Deng
et al. in Arch Ration Mech Anal 231(1):153–187,
2019
) on the identification of magnetized anomalies using geomagnetic ...monitoring, which aims to establish a rigorous mathematical theory for the geomagnetic detection technology. Suppose a collection of magnetized anomalies is present in the shell of the Earth. By monitoring the variation of the magnetic field of the Earth due to the presence of the anomalies, we establish sufficient conditions for the unique recovery of these unknown anomalies.
Deng
et al. (
2019
), the geomagnetic model was described by a linear Maxwell system. In this paper, we consider a much more sophisticated and complicated magnetohydrodynamic model, which stems from the widely accepted dynamo theory of geomagnetics.
This paper has proposed an electric vehicle (EV) route selection and charging navigation optimization model, aiming to reduce EV users' travel costs and improve the load level of the distribution ...system concerned. Moreover, with the aid of crowd sensing, a road velocity matrix acquisition and restoration algorithm is proposed. In addition, the waiting time at charging stations is addressed based on the queue theory. The formulated objective of the presented model is to minimize the EV users' travel time, charging cost or the overall cost based on the time of use price mechanism, subject to a variety of technical constraints such as path selections, travel time, battery capacities, and charging or discharging constraints, etc. Case studies are carried out within a real-scale zone in a city where there are four charging stations and the IEEE 33-bus distribution system. The effects of real-time traffic information acquisition and different decision targets on EV users' travel route and effects of charging or discharging of EVs on the load level of the distribution system are also analyzed. The simulation results have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Mycotoxins in feed and food are highly toxic and pose a serious danger even at very low concentrations. The use of bentonites in animal diet can reduce toxin bioavailability. However, some mycotoxins ...like fumonisin B1 (FB1) form anionic species which excludes the use of negatively charged clays. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) with anion-exchange properties, in theory, can be perfect candidates to adsorb FB1. However, fundamental research on the use of LDH for mycotoxins removal is scarce and incomplete. Thus, the presented study was designed to explore such a possibility. The LDH materials with differing chemistry and layer charge were synthesized by co-precipitation both from metal nitrates and chlorides and were then tested for FB1 removal. XRD, FTIR, XPS, and chemical analysis were used for the LDH characterization and to obtain insight into the removal mechanisms. A higher adsorption capacity was observed for the Mg/Al LDH samples (~0.08–0.15 mol/kg) in comparison to the Mg/Fe LDH samples (~0.05–0.09 mol/kg) with no difference in removal efficiency between Cl and NO3 intercalated LDH. The adsorption capacity increased along with lower layer charge of Mg/Al and was attributed to the lower content of bonded carbonates and the increase of non-polar sites which led to matching between the adsorption domains of LDH with FB1. The FTIR analysis confirmed the negative effect of carbonates which hampered the adsorption at pH 7 and led to the highest adsorption at pH 5 (FB1 content ~15.8 ± 0.75 wt.%). The fast surface adsorption (1–2 min) was dominant and XRD analysis of the basal spacing indicated that no FB1 intercalation occurred in the LDH. The XPS confirmed a strong interaction of FB1 with Mg sites of LDH at pH 5 where the interaction with FB1 carboxylate moieties COO− was confirmed. The research confirmed a high affinity and selectivity of LDH structures towards anionic forms of FB1 mycotoxin.
•A cumulative battery life loss calculation model of second-life battery is provided.•Electric/thermal hybrid energy storage is considered in the system.•A bi-level planning method with second-life ...battery utilization is proposed.•A case on a park-level integrated energy system is studied as test system.
The use of retired batteries from electric vehicles as a second-life battery energy storage system has been recognized as a way to break the high investment cost limitation of battery energy storage systems with the associated cost reduction of a park-level integrated energy system. The battery degradation and replacements should be further considered in the planning period, especially compared with new battery energy storage systems. Additionally, there is a lack of discussion on utilizing thermal energy storage systems in coordination with second-life battery to reduce degradation. For this reason, an electric/thermal hybrid energy storage system planning method for park-level integrated energy systems with second-life battery utilization is proposed. A cumulative battery life loss calculation model is developed. A bi-level optimal planning model of electric/thermal hybrid energy storage system using second-life batteries, including an upper-level planning model and a lower-level operating model, is proposed. At the upper level, to maximize the net present value during the planning stage, the capacity of the hybrid energy storage system as well as when the second-life battery energy storage system needs to be replaced are optimized. At the lower level, the operation schemes are optimized to obtain the minimum annual operating cost, which are fed back to the upper level. The proposed method considers continuous capacity degradation of second-life batteries and mutually beneficial relationships between thermal energy storage and second-life batteries. Finally, a case study demonstrates the economic effectiveness and battery service life improvement of the proposed planning method.
It is recognized by academia and industry that second‐life batteries retired from electric vehicles still have use values and can be effectively used for supporting less demanding applications. At ...present, there lacks investigation on the applications of re‐using retired batteries on serving residential sector's energy management. Motivated by this, this paper studies the scenario of assembling retired batteries to be second‐life battery energy storage systems (SL‐BESSs) and using them to serve the energy demand of residential communities in an affordable manner. Based on an established SL‐BESS model, a two‐level community energy management framework is proposed, which optimizes the schedules of a SL‐BESS and other energy resources in a community subjected to a variety of short‐term operational objectives. In the upper level, a many‐objective optimization model is formulated, which comprehensively integrates four objectives covering the community's multi‐scale operational considerations. A NSGA‐III‐based solving approach is developed to find the non‐dominated solutions of the model. In the lower level, the optimal community scale load reshaping decisions and energy costs obtained from the upper level are allocated to individual houses. Extensive numerical case studies are conducted, and the results show that the proposed system can realize better trade‐off among the different operational considerations with less computational cost.
Carcinogenic aflatoxins can be inactivated by smectites (e.g., montmorillonite) through adsorption and degradation. Proteins in gastric fluids can reduce smectite's adsorption capacity for ...aflatoxins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of smectites modified with organic nutrients in restricting the influence of proteins on aflatoxin adsorption. Arginine, histidine, choline, lysine, and vitamin B1 were selected to occupy part of the interlayer space of montmorillonite to achieve a smectite structure more selective for aflatoxin adsorption, but not for the large protein molecules. The unmodified montmorillonite had a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.2 mol/kg in the presence of pepsin. The vitamin B1-montmorillonite showed significant improvements in the aflatoxin affinity constant from 0.065 to 0.201 μ M - 1 and the aflatoxin adsorption to 0.56 mol/kg. Choline-montmorillonite and histidine-montmorillonite showed a moderate increase in AfB1 adsorption. Arginine-montmorillonite and lysine-montmorillonite showed a slight increase in the adsorption capacity, but did not improve the affinity constant. The XRD results indicated that pepsin could still access the interlayer of nutrient-montmorillonite complexes. The intercalation of organic nutrients into the interlayer space of montmorillonite improved the AfB1 adsorption by restricting the adsorption of pepsin.
Capillary forces acting at the air-water interface play an important role in colloid fate and transport in subsurface porous media. We quantified capillary forces between different particles (sphere, ...cylinder, cube, disk, sheet, and natural mineral particles) and a moving air-water interface. The particles had different sizes and contact angles (ranging from 14° to 121°). Theoretical calculations using the Young-Laplace equation were used to support and generalize the experimental data. When the air-water interface moved over the particles, there were strong capillary forces acting on the particles in the direction of the moving interface. The measured maximum capillary forces were similar to those calculated by the Young-Laplace equation. The larger the contact angles and the larger the particle size, the stronger were the capillary forces. Particles with irregular shape and sharp edges experienced greater forces than smooth particles. Generalization of the results indicates that capillary forces exerted by a moving air-water interface can readily exceed attractive Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and gravity forces for typical subsurface particles, and a moving air-water interface is therefore an effective mechanism for mobilization of particles in porous media. Particles in the colloidal size range are particularly susceptible for mobilization by a moving air-water interface.
The thermal inertia of a building envelope endows a building with a heat storage capability, introducing scheduling flexibility to a building energy microgrid (BEM). The flexibility is usually ...modelled as virtual energy storage (VES) and used to optimize the operation of BEMs to reduce electricity costs. However, the VES capacity is impacted by and varies with variations in indoor/outdoor temperature. If only the building envelope's effect on heat transfer is considered, without proper quantification of scheduling flexibility provided by the building envelope, the scheduling scheme (especially VES charging/discharging schemes) will deviate from the actual VES operating conditions, which may affect the thermal comfort of individuals in buildings or bring high electricity costs. In this paper, a time‐varying building VES model (TVES) with three time‐varying parameters (virtual electric capacity (VEC), state of charge (SOC), and charge and discharge power) is proposed to quantify the electricity storage capability of the VES at different time periods for participating in operation of the BEM. Based on the TVES, a day‐ahead optimal scheduling strategy is developed for the BEM to simultaneously reduce the electricity cost and guarantee the user's thermal comfort, where the proposed time‐varying parameters of TVES are taken as constraints in the optimization. Numerical studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed TVES and optimal scheduling strategy.
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