Lévy walks Zaburdaev, V.; Denisov, S.; Klafter, J.
Reviews of modern physics,
06/2015, Letnik:
87, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Levy walks are random walks in which the distribution of step length does not decay exponentially and the velocity of the moving particle is finite. Building on earlier concepts, they reconcile ...anomalously fast diffusion with a finite propagation speed and have applications that range from basic statistical mechanics and transport theory to optics, cold atom dynamics, and biophysics. This review gives an introduction to this important class of models and discusses applications in both physics and biology. Random walk is a fundamental concept with applications ranging from quantum physics to econometrics. Remarkably, one specific model of random walks appears to be ubiquitous across many fields as a tool to analyze transport phenomena in which the dispersal process is faster than dictated by Brownian diffusion. The Levy-walk model combines two key features, the ability to generate anomalously fast diffusion and a finite velocity of a random walker. Recent results in optics, Hamiltonian chaos, cold atom dynamics, biophysics, and behavioral science demonstrate that this particular type of random walk provides significant insight into complex transport phenomena. This review gives a self-consistent introduction to Levy walks, surveys their existing applications, including latest advances, and outlines further perspectives.
We give a dynamical characterization of measures on the real line with finite logarithmic integral. The general case is considered in the setting of evolution groups generated by de Branges canonical ...systems. Obtained results are applied to the Dirac operators and Krein strings.
When a periodically modulated many-body quantum system is weakly coupled to an environment, the combined action of these temporal modulations and dissipation steers the system towards a state ...characterized by a time-periodic density operator. To resolve this asymptotic non-equilibrium state at stroboscopic instants of time, we use the dissipative propagator over one period of modulations, 'Floquet map', and evaluate the stroboscopic density operator as its invariant. Particle interactions control properties of the map and thus the features of its invariant. In addition, the spectrum of the map provides insight into the system relaxation towards the asymptotic state and may help to understand whether it is possible (or not) to construct a stroboscopic time-independent Lindblad generator which mimics the action of the original time-dependent one. We illustrate the idea with a scalable many-body model, a periodically modulated Bose-Hubbard dimer. We contrast the relations between the interaction-induced bifurcations in a mean-field description with the numerically exact stroboscopic evolution and discuss the characteristics of the genuine quantum many-body state vs the characteristics of its mean-field counterpart.
point masses, we give an estimate on the size of the corresponding orthonormal polynomials. As a simple corollary of the method, we obtain a bound for some exponential polynomials.>
Global wetlands are believed to be climate sensitive, and are the largest natural emitters of methane (CH4). Increased wetland CH4 emissions could act as a positive feedback to future warming. The ...Wetland and Wetland CH4 Inter-comparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP) investigated our present ability to simulate large-scale wetland characteristics and corresponding CH4 emissions. To ensure inter-comparability, we used a common experimental protocol driving all models with the same climate and carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing datasets. The WETCHIMP experiments were conducted for model equilibrium states as well as transient simulations covering the last century. Sensitivity experiments investigated model response to changes in selected forcing inputs (precipitation, temperature, and atmospheric CO2 concentration). Ten models participated, covering the spectrum from simple to relatively complex, including models tailored either for regional or global simulations. The models also varied in methods to calculate wetland size and location, with some models simulating wetland area prognostically, while other models relied on remotely sensed inundation datasets, or an approach intermediate between the two. Four major conclusions emerged from the project. First, the suite of models demonstrate extensive disagreement in their simulations of wetland areal extent and CH4 emissions, in both space and time. Simple metrics of wetland area, such as the latitudinal gradient, show large variability, principally between models that use inundation dataset information and those that independently determine wetland area. Agreement between the models improves for zonally summed CH4 emissions, but large variation between the models remains. For annual global CH4 emissions, the models vary by ±40% of the all-model mean (190 Tg CH4 yr−1). Second, all models show a strong positive response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (857 ppm) in both CH4 emissions and wetland area. In response to increasing global temperatures (+3.4 °C globally spatially uniform), on average, the models decreased wetland area and CH4 fluxes, primarily in the tropics, but the magnitude and sign of the response varied greatly. Models were least sensitive to increased global precipitation (+3.9 % globally spatially uniform) with a consistent small positive response in CH4 fluxes and wetland area. Results from the 20th century transient simulation show that interactions between climate forcings could have strong non-linear effects. Third, we presently do not have sufficient wetland methane observation datasets adequate to evaluate model fluxes at a spatial scale comparable to model grid cells (commonly 0.5°). This limitation severely restricts our ability to model global wetland CH4 emissions with confidence. Our simulated wetland extents are also difficult to evaluate due to extensive disagreements between wetland mapping and remotely sensed inundation datasets. Fourth, the large range in predicted CH4 emission rates leads to the conclusion that there is both substantial parameter and structural uncertainty in large-scale CH4 emission models, even after uncertainties in wetland areas are accounted for.
Localization in Open Quantum Systems Yusipov, I; Laptyeva, T; Denisov, S ...
Physical review letters,
2017-Feb-17, Letnik:
118, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In an isolated single-particle quantum system, a spatial disorder can induce Anderson localization. Being a result of interference, this phenomenon is expected to be fragile in the face of ...dissipation. Here we show that a proper dissipation can drive a disordered system into a steady state with tunable localization properties. This can be achieved with a set of identical dissipative operators, each one acting nontrivially on a pair of sites. Operators are parametrized by a uniform phase, which controls the selection of Anderson modes contributing to the state. On the microscopic level, quantum trajectories of a system in the asymptotic regime exhibit intermittent dynamics consisting of long-time sticking events near selected modes interrupted by intermode jumps.
It is recognized now that a variety of real-life phenomena ranging from diffusion of cold atoms to the motion of humans exhibit dispersal faster than normal diffusion. Lévy walks is a model that ...excelled in describing such superdiffusive behaviors albeit in one dimension. Here we show that, in contrast to standard random walks, the microscopic geometry of planar superdiffusive Lévy walks is imprinted in the asymptotic distribution of the walkers. The geometry of the underlying walk can be inferred from trajectories of the walkers by calculating the analogue of the Pearson coefficient.
We present a theory of electron scattering on a magnetic Skyrmion for the case when the exchange interaction is moderate so that the adiabatic approximation and the Berry phase approach are not ...applicable. The theory explains the appearance of a topological Hall current in the systems with magnetic Skyrmions, the special importance of which is its applicability to dilute magnetic semiconductors with a weak exchange interaction.
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