In DECLARE-TIMI 58 (Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 58), the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin reduced the composite end point ...of cardiovascular death/hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in a broad population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the impact of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) on the clinical benefit of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition is unknown.
In the DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial, baseline heart failure (HF) status was collected from all patients, and EF was collected when available. HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) was defined as EF <45%. Outcomes of interest were the composite of cardiovascular death/HHF, its components, and all-cause mortality.
Of 17 160 patients, 671 (3.9%) had HFrEF, 1316 (7.7%) had HF without known reduced EF, and 15 173 (88.4%) had no history of HF at baseline. Dapagliflozin reduced cardiovascular death/HHF more in patients with HFrEF (hazard ratio HR, 0.62 95% CI, 0.45-0.86) than in those without HFrEF (HR, 0.88 95% CI, 0.76-1.02; P for interaction=0.046), in whom the treatment effect of dapagliflozin was similar in those with HF without known reduced EF (HR, 0.88 95% CI, 0.66-1.17) and those without HF (HR, 0.88 95% CI, 0.74-1.03). Whereas dapagliflozin reduced HHF both in those with (HR, 0.64 95% CI, 0.43-0.95) and in those without HFrEF (HR, 0.76 95% CI, 0.62-0.92), it reduced cardiovascular death only in patients with HFrEF (HR, 0.55 95% CI, 0.34-0.90) but not in those without HFrEF (HR, 1.08 95% CI, 0.89-1.31; P for interaction=0.012). Likewise, dapagliflozin reduced all-cause mortality in patients with HFrEF (HR, 0.59 95% CI, 0.40-0.88;) but not in those without HFrEF (HR, 0.97 95% CI, 0.86-1.10; P for interaction=0.016).
In the first sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcome trial to evaluate patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus stratified by EF, we found that dapagliflozin reduced HHF in patients with and without HFrEF and reduced cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality in patients with HFrEF.
URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01730534.
Summary Background Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA2a) activity is deficient in the failing heart. Correction of this abnormality by gene transfer might improve cardiac ...function. We aimed to investigate the clinical benefits and safety of gene therapy through infusion of adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV1)/SERCA2a in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Methods We did this randomised, multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial at 67 clinical centres and hospitals in the USA, Europe, and Israel. High-risk ambulatory patients with New York Heart Association class II–IV symptoms of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0·35 or less due to an ischaemic or non-ischaemic cause were randomly assigned (1:1), via an interactive voice and web-response system, to receive a single intracoronary infusion of 1 × 1013 DNase-resistant particles of AAV1/SERCA2a or placebo. Randomisation was stratified by country and by 6 min walk test distance. All patients, physicians, and outcome assessors were masked to treatment assignment. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to recurrent events, defined as hospital admission because of heart failure or ambulatory treatment for worsening heart failure. Primary efficacy endpoint analyses and safety analyses were done by modified intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01643330. Findings Between July 9, 2012, and Feb 5, 2014, we randomly assigned 250 patients to receive either AAV1/SERCA2a (n=123) or placebo (n=127); 243 (97%) patients comprised the modified intention-to-treat population. Patients were followed up for at least 12 months; median follow-up was 17·5 months (range 1·8–29·4 months). AAV1/SERCA2a did not improve time to recurrent events compared with placebo (104 vs 128 events; hazard ratio 0·93, 95% CI 0·53–1·65; p=0·81). No safety signals were noted. 20 (16%) patients died in the placebo group and 25 (21%) patients died in the AAV1/SERCA2a group; 18 and 22 deaths, respectively, were adjudicated as being due to cardiovascular causes. Interpretation CUPID 2 is the largest gene transfer study done in patients with heart failure so far. Despite promising results from previous studies, AAV1/SERCA2a at the dose tested did not improve the clinical course of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Although we did not find evidence of improved outcomes at the dose of AAV1/SERCA2a studied, our findings should stimulate further research into the use of gene therapy to treat patients with heart failure and help inform the design of future gene therapy trials. Funding Celladon Corporation.
Abstract Background Natriuretic peptides (NP) have prognostic value in heart failure (HF), although the clinical importance of changes in NP from baseline is unclear. Objectives The authors assessed ...whether a reduction in N-terminal pro–B-type NP (NT-proBNP) was associated with a decrease in HF hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality (primary endpoint) in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, whether treatment with sacubitril/valsartan reduced NT-proBNP below specific partition values more than enalapril, and whether the relationship between changes in NT-proBNP and changes in the primary endpoint were dependent on assigned treatment. Methods In PARADIGM-HF (Prospective Comparison of ARNI Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor with ACEI Angiotensin-Converting–Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure Trial), baseline NT-proBNP was measured in 2,080 patients; 1,292 had baseline values >1,000 pg/ml and were reassessed at 1 and 8 months. We related change in NT-proBNP to outcomes. Results One month after randomization, 24% of the baseline NT-proBNP levels >1,000 pg/ml had fallen to ≤1,000 pg/ml. Risk of the primary endpoint was 59% lower in patients with a fall in NT-proBNP to ≤1,000 pg/ml than in those without such a fall. In sacubitril/valsartan-treated patients, median NT-proBNP was significantly lower 1 month after randomization than in enalapril-treated patients, and it fell to ≤1,000 pg/ml in 31% versus 17% of patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan and enalapril, respectively. There was no significant interaction between treatment and the relationship between change in NT-proBNP and the subsequent risk of the primary endpoint. Conclusions Patients who attained a significant reduction in NT-proBNP had a lower subsequent rate of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization independent of the treatment group. Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan was nearly twice as likely as enalapril to reduce NT-proBNP to values ≤1,000 pg/ml. (Prospective Comparison of ARNI Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor with ACEI Angiotensin-Converting–Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure Trial) PARADIGM-HF; NCT01035255 .)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for incident heart failure and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with established disease. Secular trends in the prevalence of ...diabetes mellitus and heart failure forecast a growing burden of disease and underscore the need for effective therapeutic strategies. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the shared pathophysiology between diabetes mellitus and heart failure, the synergistic effect of managing both conditions, and the potential for diabetes mellitus therapies to modulate the risk of heart failure outcomes. This scientific statement on diabetes mellitus and heart failure summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and impact of diabetes mellitus and its control on outcomes in heart failure; reviews the approach to pharmacological therapy and lifestyle modification in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure; highlights the value of multidisciplinary interventions to improve clinical outcomes in this population; and outlines priorities for future research.
In the CHAMPION (CardioMEMS Heart Sensor Allows Monitoring of Pressure to Improve Outcomes in New York Heart Association NYHA Functional Class III Heart Failure Patients) trial, heart failure ...hospitalization (HFH) rates were lower in patients managed with guidance from an implantable pulmonary artery pressure sensor compared with usual care.
This study examined the effectiveness of ambulatory hemodynamic monitoring in reducing HFH outside of the clinical trial setting.
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using U.S. Medicare claims data from patients undergoing pulmonary artery pressure sensor implantation between June 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015. Rates of HFH during pre-defined periods before and after implantation were compared using the Andersen-Gill extension to the Cox proportional hazards model while accounting for the competing risk of death, ventricular assist device implantation, or cardiac transplantation. Comprehensive heart failure (HF)–related costs were compared over the same periods.
Among 1,114 patients receiving implants, there were 1,020 HFHs in the 6 months before, compared with 381 HFHs, 139 deaths, and 17 ventricular assist device implantations and/or transplants in the 6 months after implantation (hazard ratio HR: 0.55; 95% confidence interval CI: 0.49 to 0.61; p < 0.001). This lower rate of HFH was associated with a 6-month comprehensive HF cost reduction of $7,433 per patient (IQR: $7,000 to $7,884), and was robust in analyses restricted to 6-month survivors. Similar reductions in HFH and costs were noted in the subset of 480 patients with complete data available for 12 months before and after implantation (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.76; p < 0.001).
As in clinical trials, use of ambulatory hemodynamic monitoring in clinical practice is associated with lower HFH and comprehensive HF costs. These benefits are sustained to 1 year and support the “real-world” effectiveness of this approach to HF management.
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SGLT2 inhibitors are strongly recommended in guidelines to treat patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, but their clinical benefits at higher ejection fractions are less well ...established. Two large-scale trials, DELIVER and EMPEROR-Preserved, in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction have been done, providing power to examine therapeutic effects on cardiovascular mortality and in patient subgroups when combined with the earlier trials in reduced ejection fraction.
We did a prespecified meta-analysis of DELIVER and EMPEROR-Preserved, and subsequently included trials that enrolled patients with reduced ejection fraction (DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced) and those admitted to hospital with worsening heart failure, irrespective of ejection fraction (SOLOIST-WHF). Using trial-level data with harmonised endpoint definitions, we did a fixed-effects meta-analysis to estimate the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on various clinical endpoints in heart failure The primary endpoint for this meta-analysis was time from randomisation to the occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for heart failure. We assessed heterogeneity in treatment effects for the primary endpoint across subgroups of interest. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022327527.
Among 12 251 participants from DELIVER and EMPEROR-Preserved, SGLT2 inhibitors reduced composite cardiovascular death or first hospitalisation for heart failure (hazard ratio 0·80 95% CI 0·73-0·87) with consistent reductions in both components: cardiovascular death (0·88 0·77-1·00) and first hospitalisation for heart failure (0·74 0·67-0·83). In the broader context of the five trials of 21 947 participants, SGLT2 inhibitors reduced the risk of composite cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for heart failure (0·77 0·72-0·82), cardiovascular death (0·87 0·79-0·95), first hospitalisation for heart failure (0·72 0·67-0·78), and all-cause mortality (0·92 0·86-0·99). These treatment effects for each of the studied endpoints were consistently observed in both the trials of heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction and across all five trials. Treatment effects on the primary endpoint were generally consistent across the 14 subgroups examined, including ejection fraction.
SGLT2 inhibitors reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalisations for heart failure in a broad range of patients with heart failure, supporting their role as a foundational therapy for heart failure, irrespective of ejection fraction or care setting.
None.
Aims
The impact of frailty on outcomes in randomized heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) trials has not been previously reported. This analysis sought to characterize frailty in a ...large contemporary HFpEF clinical trial cohort and to evaluate its impact on patient relevant outcomes.
Methods and results
Using data from the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial, a frailty index (FI) was constructed at baseline using 39 clinical, laboratory, and self‐reported variables. The relationship between frailty and outcomes and the role of frailty in modulating the benefits of spironolactone were examined in a subset of 1767 TOPCAT patients. For the cohort as a whole (mean age 71.5 years, 49% female), the mean FI at baseline was 0.37 ± 0.11. Four frailty classes were defined ranging from FI < 0.3 to FI ≥ 0.5. Overall, 94% of subjects were considered frail (defined as a FI > 0.21). Mean age was lowest for the most frail class (69 ± 9 years for Class 4; 73 ± 10 years for Class 1; P < 0.001). Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure all increased as FI increased. Both primary and secondary outcomes increased as frailty severity increased. There was no interaction between frailty class and treatment effect of spironolactone.
Conclusions
Frailty was very common in TOPCAT HFpEF participants. Greater frailty was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. The benefit of spironolactone on outcomes in TOPCAT was not attenuated by frailty class.
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