India, with its rapidly aging population, faces an alarming burden of dementia. We implemented DSM-5 criteria in large-scale, nationally representative survey data in India to characterize the ...prevalence of mild and major Neurocognitive disorder.
The Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD) (N = 4,096) is a nationally representative cohort study in India using multistage area probability sampling methods. Using neuropsychological testing and informant reports, we defined DSM-5 mild and major neurocognitive disorder, reported its prevalence, and evaluated criterion and construct validity of the algorithm using clinician-adjudicated Clinical Dementia Ratings (CDR)®.
The prevalence of mild and major neurocognitive disorder, weighted to the population, is 17.6% and 7.2%. Demographic gradients with respect to age and education conform to hypothesized patterns. Among N = 2,390 participants with a clinician-adjudicated CDR, CDR ratings and DSM-5 classification agreed for N = 2,139 (89.5%) participants.
The prevalence of dementia in India is higher than previously recognized. These findings, coupled with a growing number of older adults in the coming decades in India, have important implications for society, public health, and families. We are aware of no previous Indian population-representative estimates of mild cognitive impairment, a group which will be increasingly important in coming years to identify for potential therapeutic treatment.
A new numerical approach for the time independent Helmholtz equation on irregular domains has been developed. Trivial Cartesian meshes and simple 9-point stencil equations with unknown coefficients ...are used for 2-D irregular domains. The calculation of the coefficients of the stencil equations is based on the minimization of the local truncation error of the stencil equations and yields the optimal order of accuracy. At similar 9-point stencils, the accuracy of the new approach is two orders higher for the Dirichlet boundary conditions and one order higher for the Neumann boundary conditions than that for the linear finite elements. The numerical results for irregular domains also show that at the same number of degrees of freedom, the new approach is even much more accurate than the quadratic and cubic finite elements with much wider stencils. The new approach can be equally applied to the Helmholtz and screened Poisson equations.
The elevated level of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Tau and phosphorylated Tau181 (p-Tau181) proteins are well established hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Elevated level of p-Tau181 can ...differentiate AD from other neurodegenerative disease. However, the expression level of these proteins in serum of AD patient is not well set up. This study sought to evaluate the level of Tau and p-Tau181 in serum of AD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients for an alternative approach to establish protein-based markers by convenient way. Blood samples were collected from 39 AD patients, 37 MCI patients and 37 elderly individuals as controls. The levels of Tau and p-Tau181 in the serum of the different groups were measured by label free real time Surface Plasmon Resonance technology by using specific antibodies, and were further confirmed by the conventional western blot method. An appropriate statistical analysis, including Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), was performed. The concentrations of serum Tau and p-Tau181 were significantly higher (p<0.00001) in AD (Tau; 47.49±9.00ng/μL, p-Tau181; 0.161±0.04 ng/μL) compared to MCI (Tau; 39.26±7.78 ng/μL, p-Tau181; 0.135±0.02 ng/μL) and were further higher compared to elderly controls (Tau; 34.92±6.58 ng/μL, p-Tau181; 0.122±0.01 ng/ μL). A significant (p<0.0001) downhill correlation was found between Tau as well as p-Tau181 levels with HMSE and MoCA score. This study for the first time reports the concentration of Tau and p-Tau181 in serum of AD and MCI patients. The cutoff values of Tau and p-Tau181 of AD and MCI patients with sensitivity and specificity reveal that serum level of these proteins can be used as a predictive marker for AD and MCI.
A new approach for the increase in the order of accuracy of the linear finite elements used for the time dependent heat equation and for the time independent Laplace equation has been suggested. It ...is based on the optimization of the coefficients of the corresponding discrete stencil equation with respect to the local truncation error. By a simple modification of the coefficients of the elemental mass and stiffness matrices, the accuracy of the linear finite elements is improved by two orders for the heat equation and by four orders for the Laplace equation. Despite the significant increase in accuracy, the computational costs of the new technique are the same as those for the conventional linear finite elements on a given mesh. 2-D and 3-D numerical examples are in a good agreement with the theoretical results for the new approach and also show that the new linear finite elements are much more accurate than the conventional linear and quadratic finite elements at the same numbers of degrees of freedom.
•Increase in accuracy by two orders for heat equation in 2-D and 3-D cases.•Increase in accuracy by four orders for Laplace equation in 2-D and 3-D cases.•A stencil equation with the optimal coefficients.•No additional computational costs.•Numerical results are in agreement with the theory.
A new numerical approach for the time-dependent wave and heat equations as well as for the time-independent Poisson equation developed in Part 1 is applied to the simulation of 1-D and 2-D test ...problems on regular and irregular domains. Trivial conforming and non-conforming Cartesian meshes with 3-point stencils in the 1-D case and 9-point stencils in the 2-D case are used in calculations. The numerical solutions of the 1-D wave equation as well as the 2-D wave and heat equations for a simple rectangular plate show that the accuracy of the new approach on non-conforming meshes is practically the same as that on conforming meshes for both the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Moreover, very small distances (
0.1
h
-
10
-
9
h
where
h
is the grid size) between the grid points of a Cartesian mesh and the boundary do not decrease the accuracy of the new technique. The application of the new approach to the 2-D problems on an irregular domain shows that the order of accuracy is close to four for the wave and heat equations and is close to five for the Poisson equation. This is in agreement with the theoretical results of Part 1 of the paper. The comparison of the numerical results obtained by the new approach and by FEM shows that at similar 9-point stencils, the accuracy of the new approach on irregular domains is two orders higher for the wave and heat equations and three orders higher for the Poisson equation than that for the linear finite elements. Moreover, the new approach yields even much more accurate results than the quadratic and cubic finite elements with much wider stencils. An example of a problem with a complex irregular domain that requires a prohibitively large computation time with the finite elements but can be easily solved with the new approach is presented.
Here, we extend the optimal local truncation error method (OLTEM) recently developed in our papers to the 3D time-independent Helmholtz equation on irregular domains. Trivial unfitted Cartesian ...meshes and simple 27-point discrete stencil equations are used for 3D irregular domains. The stencil coefficients for the new approach are assumed to be unknown and are calculated by the minimization of the local truncation error of the stencil equations. This provides the optimal order of accuracy of the proposed technique. At similar 27-point stencils, the accuracy of OLTEM is two orders higher for the Dirichlet boundary conditions and one order higher for the Neumann boundary conditions compared to that for linear finite elements. The numerical results for irregular domains also show that at the same number of degrees of freedom, OLTEM is even much more accurate than high-order (up to the fifth order) finite elements with much wider stencils. Compared to linear finite elements with similar 27-point stencils, at accuracy of 0.1% OLTEM decreases the number of degrees of freedom by a factor of greater than 1000. This leads to a huge reduction in computation time. The new approach can be equally applied to the Helmholtz and screened Poisson equations.
The coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic caused disruption globally and was particularly distressing in low- and middle-income countries such as India. This study aimed to provide population ...representative estimates of COVID-related outcomes in India over time and characterize how COVID-related changes and impacts differ by key socioeconomic groups across the life course.
The sample was leveraged from an existing nationally representative study on cognition and dementia in India: Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD). The wave-1 of LASI-DAD enrolled 4096 older adults aged 60 years and older in 3316 households from 18 states and union territories of India. Out of the 3316 LASI-DAD households, 2704 with valid phone numbers were contacted and invited to participate in the Real-Time Insights COVID-19 in India (RTI COVID-India) study. RTI COVID-India was a bi-monthly phone survey that provided insight into the individual's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour towards COVID-19 and changes in the household's economic and health conditions throughout the pandemic. The survey was started in May 2020 and 9 rounds of data have been collected.
Out of the 2704 LASI-DAD households with valid phone numbers, 1766 households participated in the RTI COVID-India survey at least once. Participants were in the age range of 18-102 years, 49% were female, 66% resided in rural area. Across all rounds, there was a higher report of infection among respondents aged 60-69 years. There was a greater prevalence of COVID-19 diagnosis reported in urban (23.0%) compared to rural areas (9.8%). Respondents with higher education had a greater prevalence of COVID-19 diagnosis compared to those with lower or no formal education. Highest prevalence of COVID-19 diagnosis was reported from high economic status compared to middle and low economic status households. Comparing education gradients in experiencing COVID-19 symptoms and being diagnosed, we observe an opposite pattern: respondents with no formal schooling reported the highest level of experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, whereas the greatest proportion of the respondents with secondary school or higher education reported being diagnosed with COVID-19.
The study group will analyse the data collected showing the real-time changes throughout the pandemic and will make the data widely available for researchers to conduct further studies.
In this present work, titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) nanoparticles were prepared by a standard solid-state reaction technique. The structural analysis by the XRD pattern confirms a single rutile phase ...tetragonal structure. According to scanning electron microscopy analysis, the prepared sample shows uniform morphology with a mean particle size of 120–160 nm. The elemental analyses by energy dispersive spectroscopy confirm the absence of any impurity in the prepared sample. The UV–vis absorption data reveal that the band gap value of the synthesized compound was found to be 2.94 eV. From the optical transmittance spectrum, the average transmittance of the prepared sample in the visible range was found to be 55%. The field and temperature dependence of magnetization reveals a weak ferromagnetic behavior, with saturation magnetization of 0.002 µ
B
and coercivity of 930 Oe. Most likely, the presence of defects and/or oxygen vacancies is thought to be responsible for this particular behavior. Dielectric properties observations reveal that the sample exhibits low dielectric loss in the higher frequency region, which is compatible with the Maxwell and Wagner model.
INTRODUCTION: With the onset of frailty, there is often a rapid, progressive, and self-perpetuating downward spiral towards death. Frailty has enormous impact on acute hospital care and has been ...shown to be a more effective predictor of mortality than conventional clinical measures. METHODS: Hospitalized older patients admitted in medical wards at a teaching public hospital were studied to determine the prevalence of frailty; its association with anemia, congestive heart failure, clinically active tuberculosis and cognitive impairment; as well as its impact upon short-term outcome. RESULTS: A total of 250 older hospitalized patients were included, and their frailty status was assessed using Fried’s criteria. Of these, 83 (33.2%) patients were frail, with frailty found to be significantly associated with increasing age. A lower mean level of haemoglobin (p, 0.002), higher chance of congestive heart failure (p, <0.001), lower mean MMSE score (p, <0.001), was found in frail older patients. Frail subjects had a higher median hospital stay. There were total of 5 deaths, all among the frail group. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that almost a third of hospitalized older patients are frail, and have anemia, higher frequency of CHF, cognitive impairment, longer hospital stay and higher mortality.
Neurologic complications (NCs) may be a significant source of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We performed a retrospective study of 263 consecutive patients ...undergoing allogeneic HCT for hematological malignancies to determine the incidence, risk factors and clinical impact of NCs in the first 5 years after HCT. We determined the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, metabolic encephalopathy, posterior reversal encephalopathy syndrome, seizure and peripheral neuropathy. In all, 50 patients experienced 63 NCs-37 early (⩽day +100), 21 late (day +101 to 2 years) and 5 very late (2 to 5 years). The 1- and 5-year cumulative incidences of all NCs were 15.6% and 19.2%, respectively, and of CNS complication (CNSC; all of the above complications except peripheral neuropathy) were 12.2 and 14.5%. Risk factors for CNSC were age (hazard ratio (HR)=1.06 per year, P=0.0034), development of acute GvHD grade III-IV (HR=2.78, P=0.041), transfusion-dependent thrombocytopenia (HR=3.07, P=0.025) and delayed platelet engraftment (>90th centile; HR=2.77, P=0.043). CNSCs negatively impacted progression-free survival (HR=2.29, P=0.0001), overall survival (HR=2.63, P<0.0001) and non-relapse mortality (HR=8.51, P<0.0001). NCs after HCT are associated with poor outcomes, and usually occur early after HCT.
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