A precise measurement of the proton flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1 GV to 1.8 TV is presented based on 300 million events. Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of ...the proton flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. We present the detailed variation with rigidity of the flux spectral index for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at high rigidities.
Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux in the range 0.5 to 700 GeV and the positron flux in the range 0.5 ...to 500 GeV are presented. The electron flux and the positron flux each require a description beyond a single power-law spectrum. Both the electron flux and the positron flux change their behavior at ∼30 GeV but the fluxes are significantly different in their magnitude and energy dependence. Between 20 and 200 GeV the positron spectral index is significantly harder than the electron spectral index. The determination of the differing behavior of the spectral indices versus energy is a new observation and provides important information on the origins of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons.
We present a measurement of the cosmic ray (e^{+}+e^{-}) flux in the range 0.5 GeV to 1 TeV based on the analysis of 10.6 million (e^{+}+e^{-}) events collected by AMS. The statistics and the ...resolution of AMS provide a precision measurement of the flux. The flux is smooth and reveals new and distinct information. Above 30.2 GeV, the flux can be described by a single power law with a spectral index γ=-3.170±0.008(stat+syst)±0.008(energy scale).
Accurate measurements of electron and positron fluxes in the energy range 0.2–10 GeV have been performed with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) at altitudes of 320–390 km in the geographic ...latitude interval ±51.7°. We focus on the fluxes measured in the regions nearby the South Atlantic Anomaly, defined by the local magnetic values of the magnetic field B (0.21 ≤ B ≤ 0.26 G) at the altitude of AMS. A clear transition from the Stably Trapped population typical of the Inner Van Allen belts to Quasi‐Trapped population in the regions underneath the Van Allen belts is observed. The high energy observations demonstrate the relatively higher abundance of positrons in the Inner Van Allen belts, for both the Stably Trapped and the Quasi‐Trapped populations. The flux maps as a function of the canonical adiabatic variables L, αo are presented for the interval 0.95 < L < 3, 0° < αo < 90° for electron energies below 10 GeV and positrons energies below 3 GeV. The results are compared with existing data at lower energies.
Accurate measurements of under cutoff proton fluxes in the energy range 0.07–9.1 GeV have been performed with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) at altitudes of 370–390 km in the geographic ...latitude interval ±51.7°. A clear transition from a Stably Trapped population typical of the Inner Van Allen belts, in the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), to a Quasi‐Trapped population in the regions underneath the Van Allen belts outside the SAA is observed. The flux maps as a function of the canonical adiabatic variables L, αo, and energy E are presented and discussed.
Commercial off-the-shelf components have been tested for their use on the power supplies of the AMS and PAMELA experiments. The test has been performed using the CALLIOPE Co60 source at the Casaccia ...(Rome-Italy) Laboratory of ENEA according to the ESA/SCC 22900 specifications. The total dose for this test was 30 krads. Measurements of relevant parameters for each component has been taken at 3, 10 and 30 krads. Annealing and ageing has also been performed according to the ESA specification. The results on the degradation of performances in discrete transistors, Op-Amps, regulators and other analog and digital components are reported.
Substantial fluxes of protons and leptons with energies below the geomagnetic cutoff have been measured by the AMS experiment at altitudes of 350–390 km, in the latitude interval ±51.7°. The ...production mechanisms of the observed trapped fluxes are investigated in detail by means of the FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation code. All known processes involved in the interaction of the cosmic rays with the atmosphere (detailed descriptions of the magnetic field and the atmospheric density, as well as the electromagnetic and nuclear interaction processes) are included in the simulation. The results are presented and compared with experimental data, indicating good agreement with the observed fluxes. The impact of the secondary proton flux on particle production in atmosphere is briefly discussed.
Accurate measurements of under cutoff proton, electron, and positron fluxes in the energy range 0.07 ÷ 9.1 GeV have been performed with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer at altitudes of 370 ÷ 390 km in ...the geographic latitude interval ±51.7°. The flux maps as a function of the canonical adiabatic variables L, αo, and energy E are presented and discussed.
Abstract
Background
Crohn's disease exclusion diet (CDED) has emerged as an alternative to exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) to induce remission in pediatric CD patients. CDED is better accepted by ...the patients, thus improving adherence, and can represent a long-term strategy, as opposed to EEN. The aim is to compare the outcomes of both diets in our clinical setting.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective and observational study on CD patients who were under follow-up in a pediatric Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Comprehensive Care Unit from a tertiary hospital from June to October 2023. We included pediatric CD patients (under 18 years of age) who had received one of these two diets as induction treatment both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. Anthropometric values, inflammatory markers and clinical activity indexes were compared in both groups in three different time points: prior to induction (time 0), and three (time 1) and six months (time 2) after the induction. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of HIUNJ. Data were analyzed with the SPSS software (v.25).
Results
A total of 53 patients were included: 24 in the CDED group and 29 in the EEN group. Up to 48 patients (90,6%) simultaneously started another drug as part of the maintenance strategy. Results are shown in table 1. The decrease of faecal calprotectin (FC) was more striking in the CDED group but kept elevated in both, whereas C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) descended to normal values after both diets (figure 1). However, there were no statistically significant differences regarding anthropometric values, inflammatory markers, or clinical activity indexes between the two groups at each time point (table 1).
Conclusion
Although the concomitant use of other drugs limits the drawing of conclusions, the therapeutic use of both the CDED and EEN diets seem to be useful to achieve clinical, analytical, and anthropometric improvement in pediatric CD patients. Conducting more studies on larger samples would help to confirm the role of CDED as an effective alternative to EEN.
The stress-induced reorientation of O(N)–H(D) pairs has been investigated at MHz frequencies in Ta by propagating longitudinal ultrasonic pulses along a crystal lattice direction. The resulting ...anelastic relaxation is found to be composed of two processes which are attributed to two distinct configurations of the pair. A comparison of the transition rates of free and trapped H(D) atoms in Nb and Ta suggests that both processes observed in Ta involve transitions of H(D) atoms between equivalent nn sites, which are probably slightly displaced from normal tetrahedral sites (dis-1T↔dis-1T transitions). In Nb bound H(D) atoms should be in a state delocalized over two equivalent sites, probably slightly displaced from normal tetrahedral sites (dis-2T state), and the reorientation in this metal would take place via (dis-2T↔dis-2T) transitions.
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