Syntheses of the copper and gold complexes Cu{Fe(CO)5}2SbF6 and Au{Fe(CO)5}2HOB{3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3}3 containing the homoleptic carbonyl cations M{Fe(CO)5}2+ (M=Cu, Au) are reported. Structural data of ...the rare, trimetallic Cu2Fe, Ag2Fe and Au2Fe complexes Cu{Fe(CO)5}2SbF6, Ag{Fe(CO)5}2SbF6 and Au{Fe(CO)5}2HOB{3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3}3 are also given. The silver and gold cations M{Fe(CO)5}2+ (M=Ag, Au) possess a nearly linear Fe‐M‐Fe’ moiety but the Fe‐Cu‐Fe’ in Cu{Fe(CO)5}2SbF6 exhibits a significant bending angle of 147° due to the strong interaction with the SbF6− anion. The Fe(CO)5 ligands adopt a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry in the cations M{Fe(CO)5}2+, with the basal CO groups inclined towards M. The geometry optimization with DFT methods of the cations M{Fe(CO)5}2+ (M=Cu, Ag, Au) gives equilibrium structures with linear Fe‐M‐Fe’ fragments and D2 symmetry for the copper and silver cations and D4d symmetry for the gold cation. There is nearly free rotation of the Fe(CO)5 ligands around the Fe‐M‐Fe’ axis. The calculated bond dissociation energies for the loss of both Fe(CO)5 ligands from the cations M{Fe(CO)5}2+ show the order M=Au (De=137.2 kcal mol−1)>Cu (De=109.0 kcal mol−1)>Ag (De=92.4 kcal mol−1). The QTAIM analysis shows bond paths and bond critical points for the M−Fe linkage but not between M and the CO ligands. The EDA‐NOCV calculations suggest that the Fe(CO)5→M+←Fe(CO)5 donation is significantly stronger than the Fe(CO)5←M+→Fe(CO)5 backdonation. Inspection of the pairwise orbital interactions identifies four contributions for the charge donation of the Fe(CO)5 ligands into the vacant (n)s and (n)p AOs of M+ and five components for the backdonation from the occupied (n‐1)d AOs of M+ into vacant ligand orbitals.
Donation of an electron pair from the HOMO of Fe(CO)52 to the 4s LUMO of Cu+ giving the (+,+) component of the Fe‐Cu‐Fe σ bond in Cu{Fe(CO)5}2+. The associated charge flow with the direction red→blue is given by the deformation density.
Flax and Salba-chia seeds have risen in popularity owing to their favorable nutrient composition, including a high fiber content. Despite having comparable nutritional profiles, preliminary ...observations suggest differences in gelling properties, an attribute that may alter the kinetics of food digestion. Thus, we compared the effect of two seeds on postprandial glycemia and satiety scores.
Fifteen healthy participants (M/F: 5/10; age: 23.9±3 years; BMI: 22.2±0.8 kg/m
) were randomized to receive a 50 g glucose challenge, alone or supplemented with either 25 g ground Salba-chia or 31.5 g flax, on three separate occasions. Blood glucose samples and satiety ratings were collected at fasting and over 2-h postprandially. In addition, in vitro viscosity of the beverages was assessed utilizing standard rheological methodology.
Both Salba-chia and flax reduced blood glucose area under the curve over 120 min by 82.5±19.7 mmol/l (P<0.001) and 60.0±19.7 mmol/l (P=0.014), respectively, relative to a glucose control. Salba-chia reduced peak glucose (-0.64±0.24 mmol/l; P=0.030) and increased time to peak (11.3±3.8 min; P=0.015) compared with flax. Salba-chia significantly reduced the mean ratings of desire to eat (-7±2 mm; P=0.005), prospective consumption (-7±2 mm; P=0.010) and overall appetite score (-6±2 mm; P=0.012), when compared with flax. The viscosity of Salba-chia, flax and control was 49.9, 2.5, and 0.002 Pa·s, respectively.
Despite the similarities in nutritional composition, Salba-chia appears to have the ability to convert glucose into a slow-release carbohydrate and affect satiety to a greater extent than flax, possibly due to the higher fiber viscosity. Incorporation of either flax or Salba-chia into the diet may be beneficial, although use of Salba-chia may confer additional benefit.
•Sedentary rats developed morphine (MORPH) preference.•Three different periods of exercise (EXE) decreased MORPH-preference.•EXE reduced dopamine transporter levels in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ...hippocampus.•EXE decreased dopamine- receptor (R) type-1 in the same brain areas.•EXE reduced glucocorticoid-R levels in NAc but in hippocampus only the long-term.
Addiction is a devastating worldwide disorder that requires effective and innovative therapies. Physical exercise could be useful in addiction treatment because it shares a common neural circuit with addictive drugs. Based on this, molecular adaptations consequent to time of exercise in opioid exposed animals were evaluated. Rats were designed as sedentary (SED) or exercised (EXE). This last group was separated to perform three different periods of swimming: short-term (S-EXE), medium-term (M-EXE) and long-term (L-EXE) for 14, 28 and 42 days, respectively. On the last exercising week, one-half of the animals from SED and all animals from S-, M- and l-EXE were concomitantly exposed to morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and y-maze task for behavioral assessments followed by molecular assays in both Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus. Between SED groups, morphine conditioning showed drug-CPP and increased dopamine transporter (DAT), dopamine receptor type-1 (D1R), type-2 (D2R) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in both brain areas in relation to saline group. Besides the small morphine-CPP in relation to SED group, all periods decreased DAT, D1R, and GR immunoreactivity in NAc, DAT and D1R in hippocampus, while D2R in both brain areas and GR in hippocampus were primarily decreased by L-EXE. Our findings show that even a short-term exercise modifies behaviors related to drug withdrawal, changing DA targets and GR, which are closely linked to addiction. Therefore, our outcomes involving physical exercise are interesting to perform a possible clinical trial, thus expanding the knowledge about drug addiction.
The influence of dietary fatty acids (FA) on mania-like behavior and brain oxidative damage were evaluated in rats. First generation of rats born and maintained under supplementation with soybean-oil ...(SO), fish-oil (FO) or hydrogenated-vegetable-fat (HVF), which are rich in n−6, n−3 and trans (TFA) FA, respectively, until adulthood, were exposed to an amphetamine (AMPH)-induced mania animal model to behavioral and biochemical evaluations.
While AMPH caused hyperlocomotion in HVF and, to a less extent, in SO- and FO-groups, a better memory performance was observed in FO group. Among vehicle-groups, HVF increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein-carbonyl (PC) levels in cortex; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. Among AMPH-treated animals, HVF exacerbated RS generation in all evaluated brain areas and increased PC levels in cortex and striatum; FO reduced RS generation in hippocampus and decreased PC levels in hippocampus and striatum. FO was related to higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cortex and striatum, while HVF was associated to higher incorporation of TFA in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, besides increased n−6/n−3 FA ratio in striatum. While a continuous exposure to TFA may intensify oxidative events in brain, a prolonged FO consumption may prevent mania-like-behavior; enhance memory besides decreasing brain oxidative markers. A substantial inclusion of processed foods, instead of foods rich in omega-3, in the long term is able to influence the functionality of brain structures related to behavioral disturbances and weaker neuroprotection, whose impact should be considered by food safety authorities and psychiatry experts.
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•Intake of foods rich in trans fatty acids (TFA) is growing in Western countries.•TFA can facilitate responses to amphetamine in rats of the first generation.•Brain incorporation of TFA was related to oxidative and behavioral disturbances.•Brain incorporation of omega-3 improved memory and reduced oxidative damages.•Processed foods increase vulnerability to develop neuropsychiatric diseases.
Abstract Here we evaluated the influence of physical exercise on behavior parameters and enzymatic status of rats supplemented with different dietary fatty acids (FA). Male Wistar rats fed diets ...enriched with soybean oil (SO), lard (L), or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF) for 48 weeks were submitted to swimming (30 min/d, five times per week) for 90 days. Dietary FA per se did not cause anxiety-like symptoms in the animals, but after physical exercise, SO group showed a better behavioral performance than L and the HVF groups in elevated plus maze (EPM). In Barnes maze, HVF group showed impaired memory acquisition as compared to L group, and exercise reversed this effect. SO-fed rats showed an improvement in memory acquisition after 1 day of training, whereas lard caused an improvement of memory only from day 4. HVF-fed rats showed no improvement of memory acquisition, but this effect was reversed by exercise in all training days. A lower activity of the Na+ K+ -ATPase in brain cortex of rats fed lard and HVF was observed, and this effect was maintained after exercise. Similarly, the HVF diet was related to lower activity of hippocampal Na+ K+ -ATPase, and exercise reduced activity of this enzyme in the SO and L groups. Our findings show influences of dietary FA on memory acquisition, whereas regular exercise improved this function and was beneficial on anxiety-like symptoms. As FA are present in neuronal membrane phospholipids and play a critical role in brain function, our results suggest that low incorporation of trans FA in neuronal membranes may act on cortical and hippocampal Na+ K+ -ATPase activity, but this change appears to be unrelated to the behavioral parameters primarily harmed by consumption of trans and less so by saturated FA, which were reversed by exercise.
► Trans fat (TF) consumption can modify the neuronal plasticity causing motor diseases. ► TF-fed rats showed movement disorders, which was intensified by exercise. ► TF and lard decreased catalase ...activity, which was increased by exercise in TF group. ► Exercise increased striatal Na
+K
+-ATPase activity of lard and soybean-fed rats. ► TF inhibited benefits of exercise indicating its critical role in brain neurochemistry.
The influence of
trans fatty acids (FA) on development of orofacial dyskinesia (OD) and locomotor activity was evaluated. Rats were fed with diets enriched with 20% soybean oil (SO;
n
−
6 FA), lard (L; saturated FA) or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF;
trans FA) for 60 weeks. In the last 12 weeks each group was subdivided into sedentary and exercised (swimming). Brains of HVF and L-fed rats incorporated 0.33% and 0.20% of
trans FA, respectively, while SO-fed group showed no incorporation of
trans FA. HVF increased OD, while exercise exacerbated this in L and HVF-fed rats. HVF and L reduced locomotor activity, and exercise did not modify. Striatal catalase activity was reduced by L and HVF, but exercise increased its activity in the HVF-fed group. Na
+K
+-ATPase activity was not modified by dietary FA, however it was increased by exercise in striatum of SO and L-fed rats. We hypothesized that movement disorders elicited by HVF and less by L could be related to increased dopamine levels in striatum, which have been related to chronic
trans FA intake. Exercise increased OD possibly by increase of brain dopamine levels, which generates pro-oxidant metabolites. Thus, a long-term intake of
trans FA caused a small but significant brain incorporation of
trans FA, which favored development of movement disorders. Exercise worsened behavioral outcomes of HVF and L-fed rats and increased Na
+K
+-ATPase activity of L and SO-fed rats, indicating its benefits. HVF blunted beneficial effects of exercise, indicating a critical role of
trans FA in brain neurochemistry.
Exposure to hypoxia has shown beneficial adjustments in different species, including silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), especially in situations of aquatic contamination with pollutants such as ...manganese (Mn). Considering that hypoxia is seasonal in the natural aquatic environment, we decided to assess whether these adaptive mechanisms could be maintained when reoxygenation is established. Silver catfish acclimated to moderate hypoxia (∼3 mg L−1, 41% O2 saturation) for 10 days and subsequently exposed to Mn (∼8.1 mg L−1) for additional 10 days displayed lower (47%) Mn accumulation in the gills, and it was maintained (62.6%) after reoxygenation, in comparison to normoxia. Oxidative status in the gills allowed us to observe increased reactive species (RS) generation and protein carbonyl (PC) level together with decreased mitochondrial viability induced by Mn under normoxia. Inversely, while hypoxia per se was beneficial on RS generation and PC level, this acclimation was able to minimize Mn toxicity, as observed by the minor increase of RS generation and the minor reduction of mitochondrial viability, together with decreased PC level. Interestingly, after reoxygenation, part of the protective influences observed during hypoxia against Mn toxicity were maintained, as observed through a lower level of PC and higher mitochondrial viability in relation to the group exposed to Mn under normoxia. Only groups exposed to Mn under hypoxia showed increased activity of both catalase (CAT) and Na+/K+-ATPase in the gills, but, while CAT activity remained increased after reoxygenation, Na+/K+-ATPase activity was decreased by Mn, regardless of the oxygen level. Based on these outcomes, it is possible to propose that environment events of moderate hypoxia are able to generate rearrangements in the gills of silver catfish exposed to Mn, whose influence persists after water reoxygenation. These responses may be related to the adaptive development, reducing Mn toxicity to silver catfish.
Moderate hypoxia generates rearrangements in the gills of Silver catfish, exerting beneficial and persistent protection against Mn toxicity.
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•Aquatic hypoxia acclimation and subsequent reoxygenation reduce Mn accumulation in silver catfish gill.•Hypoxia acclimation produces changes in gill morphology persistent after reoxygenation.•Hormesis by low oxygen can reduce Mn toxicity to silver catfish.
ABSTRACT The treatment of fractures from the thoracic limb in giant anteaters is extremely challenging. Unfamiliar and peculiar anatomical characteristics, robust musculature and the imminent need ...for an early return to limb function highlight such challenges. The objective of this report was to describe the successful use of anatomical osteosynthesis with a robust locking compression plate in a humeral fracture of an adult giant anteater. The patient was rescued on the highway after being run over and presented for treatment at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Surgical stabilization was performed using a craniomedial approach to the humerus, using a customized broad 3.5mm locking compression plate. The patient presented early limb support at 24 hours postoperatively. Radiographic monitoring was performed at 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively, and bone healing was observed without any complications. It is concluded that the treatment of humerus fractures in giant anteaters requires robust fixation. The use of a reinforced locking compression plate system proved to be effective and adequate to the mechanical load that an adult individual of this species needs for early use of the thoracic limb and, at the same time, efficient in controlling interfragmentary movement, which allowed fracture consolidation.
RESUMO O tratamento das fraturas do membro torácico dos tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é extremamente desafiador. Características anatômicas pouco familiares e peculiares, musculatura muito desenvolvida e necessidade iminente de retorno precoce à função do membro destacam tais desafios. Objetivou-se, neste relato, descrever a utilização com sucesso da osteossíntese anatômica com placa bloqueada robusta em fratura umeral de um tamanduá-bandeira. O paciente foi resgatado em rodovia após atropelamento e atendido no Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Após sedação e avaliação física completa, foi realizado exame radiográfico, o qual revelou fratura completa oblíqua curta em diáfise média de úmero esquerdo. A estabilização cirúrgica foi realizada por abordagem craniomedial ao úmero, utilizando-se placa bloqueada (LCP) do sistema 3,5mm customizada. O paciente apresentou apoio precoce do membro com 24 horas de pós-operatório. Realizou-se acompanhamento radiográfico aos 30, 60 e 90 dias, sendo observada união clínica sem quaisquer complicações. Conclui-se que o tratamento das fraturas do úmero em tamanduás-bandeira exige robustez na fixação. A utilização de sistema reforçado de placa bloqueada mostrou-se efetiva e adequada à carga mecânica de que um indivíduo adulto dessa espécie necessita para uso precoce do membro torácico e, ao mesmo tempo, eficiente no controle da movimentação interfragmentária, o qual permitiu consolidação da fratura.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of manganese (Mn) on silver catfish exposed to different levels of dissolved oxygen. Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) were exposed to increasing ...concentrations of Mn (4.2, 8.4 or 16.2mgL−1) under either normoxia (100 percent saturation) or moderate hypoxia (51.87 percent saturation) for 15 days. Under normoxia, Mn exposure increased lipid peroxidation (LP) in brain and kidney; it increased gluthatione (GSH) levels in brain and decreased catalase (CAT) activity in both tissues. Moderate hypoxia was able to prevent Mn-induced LP in brain and to reduce this oxidative parameter in kidney; GSH level was increased in brain, while CAT activity was reduced in both tissues. Activity of isolated mitochondria of liver and gills was reduced by Mn exposure under both levels of dissolved oxygen, but this effect was more prominent in normoxia. As expected, liver, kidney and gills showed an increase of Mn accumulation according to waterborne levels, and these parameters presented positive relationship. The highest waterborne Mn (8.4 and 16.2mgL−1) resulted in greater accumulation under normoxia, indicating that moderate hypoxia can stimulate mechanisms capable of reducing Mn accumulation in tissues (though not in blood). Moderate hypoxia can be considered a stress factor and Mn an aquatic anthropogenic contaminant. Therefore we hypothesized that these two conditions together are able to invoke defense mechanisms in juvenile silver catfish, acting in a compensatory form, which may be related to adaptation and/or hormesis.
► Silver catfish were exposed to Mn under normoxia and moderate hypoxia. ► Under moderate hypoxia, Mn caused lower lipid peroxidation in brain and kidney. ► Under hypoxia, Mn was related to mitochondrial survival in liver and gills. ► Normoxia caused higher Mn accumulation in liver, kidney and gills, but not in plasma. ► Moderate hypoxia reduces Mn toxicity and oxidative damages, possibly by hormesis.
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